T. II Immune Response Flashcards
hapten
is a molecule that can become immunogenic and produce antibodies when combined with self-cell proteins. They are called neoantigens. The immune system recognizes neoantigens as foreign and reacts against them
Classifications
Autoimmune disorders are classified
systemic v. organ-specific
systemic, meaning they produce diffuse widespread inflammation and damage to multiple organs and tissues, or
organ-specific, meaning the immune system targets specific organs, such as the kidneys or joints.
apheresis
a procedure in which blood is temporarily withdrawn, one or more components are selectively removed, and the rest of the blood is reinfused into the donor. The process is used in treating various disease conditions in the donor, for obtaining blood elements for treatment of other patients or for research purposes.
plasmapheresis
the removal of plasma from previously withdrawn blood by centrifugation, reconstitution of the cellular elements in an isotonic solution, and reinfusion of this solution into the donor or another client who needs RBCs rather than whole blood.
Autoimmunity
An immune reaction to self-proteins. the immune system no longer differentiates self from nonself. For unknown reasons, immune cells that are normally unresponsive (tolerant of self-antigens) are activated.
Theories of causation
- Genetic susceptibility
- Initiation of autoreactivity by triggers, such as infections, that may activate self-reactive lymphocytes.
Primary immunodeficiency disorders
primary if the immune cells are improperly developed or absent and secondary if the deficiency is caused by illnesses or treatment
The basic categories of primary immunodeficiency disorders
- Phagocytic defects
- B cell deficiency
- T cell deficiency
- Combined B cell and T cell deficiency
Histocompatibility
the property of having the same, or sufficiently similar, alleles of a set of genes called human leukocyte antigens (HLA), or major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system
a complex of genes on chromosome 6 in humans which encode cell-surface proteins responsible for the regulation of the immune system.
•might be able to predict autoimmunity in the future by HLA type
Organ Transplant rejection (3 types)
Hyperacute rejection (also called antibody-mediated or humoural rejection) occurs minutes to hours after transplantation. Antibodies develop.
Acute rejection most commonly occurs days to months after transplantation.
Chronic rejection is a process that occurs over months to years and is considered irreversible.
Immuno-suppressive Therapy
adequately suppress the immune response to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ and yet maintain sufficient immunity to prevent overwhelming infection. Immuno-suppressive therapy is also used to treat autoimmune diseases.
Graft-versus-host Disease
- Occurs when an immuno-incompetent (immunodeficient) client receives a transfusion or transplant with immuno-competent cells
- The graft (donated tissue) rejects the host (recipient) tissue.
- Response may begin 7–30 days after transplantation.
- Once GVH disease is established, there is no adequate treatment.
Xenotransplantation
the replacement of a patient’s diseased and malfunctioning organ with an organ harvested from another species
Ex vivo transplantation
Normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP)
Ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is a process by which a pair of lungs is kept alive outside the body so that a surgeon can evaluate them for transplant.
Stem Cells
cells in the body that have the ability to differentiate into other cells. Stem cells can be divided into two types: embryonic and adult.
Embryonic stem cells have the ability to become any one of the hundreds of types of cells in the human body. They are derived from human embryo cells that are 4 to 5 days old.
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are found in small numbers in most adult tissues. They are usually thought of as multipotent cells, giving rise to a closely related family of cells within the tissue.
Monoclonal antibodies
are homogeneous populations of identical antibody molecules produced by specialized tissue cell culture line
