T. Musculo-Skeletal

Question 1

Arthrocentesis

Answer 1

• a procedure to remove excess fluid through a needle from a joint
• Joint aspiration
• Preformed to obtain synovial fluid sample or inject medications
• Fluid is examined grossly for volume, colour, clarity, viscosity, and mucin clot formation

Question 2

Osteomyelitis

Answer 2

• Infection of the bone, bone marrow, and surrounding soft tissue.
• Caused by a variety of microorganisms but the most common is staphylococcus.

Question 3

Acute Low Back Pain

Answer 3

• Lasts 6 weeks or less
• Associated with some type of activity that causes undue stress on tissues of lower back
• Symptoms often do not appear at the time of injury but develop later because of gradual increased pressure on the nerve by an intervertebral disc.

Question 4

Trendelenburg Test

Answer 4

To detect gluteus medius tendon tears or weakness in the hip abductors.

Question 5

Achilles tendon reflex

Answer 5

• a monosynaptic stretch reflex similar to the patellar reflex.
• In the Achilles reflex, the hammer taps the Achilles tendon while the foot is dorsiflexed, and the foot, in response, should jerk toward the plantar surface

Question 6

Patellar tendon reflex

Answer 6

kicking-like motion produced by the extension of the knee joint upon the ipsilateral stimulation of the patellar tendon

Question 7

Positive straight-leg raise test

Answer 7

• Lasegue sign
• esults from gluteal or leg pain by passive straight leg flexion with the knee in extension, and it may correlate with nerve root irritation and possible entrapment with decreased nerve excursion.

Question 8

Positive crossover straight-leg test

Answer 8

The examiner will passively flex the patient’s uninvolved hip while maintaining the knee in full extension. A positive test is considered when the patient reports reproduction of pain in the involved limb at 40 degrees of hip flexion or less in the uninvolved limb

Question 9

Chronic Low Back Pain

Answer 9

Lasts longer than 3 months or is a repeated incapacitating episode

Causes

• • Degenerative disc disease
• • Osteoporosis or other metabolic bone diseases
• • Prior injury
• • Chronic strain on the lower back muscles (e.g., obesity)

Question 10

Spinal stenosis

Answer 10

• Narrowing of vertebral canal or nerve root canals caused by encroachment of bone on space
• More often acquired through degenerative or traumatic changes to spine
• Occurs when the space around the spinal cord narrows and puts pressure on the cord and spinal nerves.
• When intervertebral discs collapse and osteoarthritis (OA) develops, the body may respond by growing new bone in facet joints to help support the vertebrae.
• This bone overgrowth (spurs) can lead to a narrowing of the spinal canal.

Question 11

Intervertebral disc

Answer 11

lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column

Question 12

Degenerative disk disease (DDD)

Answer 12

• Structural degeneration of lumbar disk

* Progressive degeneration is normal process of aging.

Question 13

Acute herniated intervertebral disc

Answer 13

• Slipped disc
• Nucleus pulposus may first bulge and then herniate, placing pressure on nerves.
• Most common ruptures at lumbosacral discs
• a fragment of the disc nucleus that is pushed out of the annulus, into the spinal canal through a tear or rupture in the annulus.

Question 14

Neck Pain

Answer 14

Cervical neck sprains and strains occur from hyperflexion and hyperextension injuries.

Question 15

Osteoporosis

Answer 15

• (porous bone) – “silent thief”
• A chronic progressive metabolic bone disease
• Characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue.
• Lead to bone fragility and fractures.
• More common in women

Question 16

Paget’s Disease

Answer 16

• Excessive bone resorption followed by replacement of normal marrow by vascular, fibrous connective tissue
• Over time, bones can become fragile and misshapen.