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3 MED NURS TERMS > T. Intracranial > Flashcards

T. Intracranial Flashcards

1
Q

Intracranial Pressure

A
  • Altering CFS production, absorption or displacement.
  • Vasoconstriction or dilation
  • Compression of brain tissues.
  • Brain can’t store oxygen or glucose and so is sensitive to any decrease circulation or hypoxia.
  • The minimum MAP necessary for proper brain function is 50 mmHg

• the pressure exerted by fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inside the skull and on the brain tissue. ICP is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and at rest, is normally 7–15 mmHg for a supine adult.

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2
Q

Head Injury

A

Any trauma to the
Skull
Scalp
Brain

Head trauma includes an alteration in consciousness, no matter how brief.

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3
Q

traumatic brain injury (TBI).

A

usually results from a violent blow or jolt to the head or body. is an injury that affects how the brain works

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4
Q

Scalp lacerations

A
  • The most minor type of head trauma
  • Scalp is highly vascular → profuse bleeding.
  • Major complication is infection.
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5
Q

Skull fractures

A
  • Linear or depressed
  • Simple, comminuted, or compound
  • Closed or open
  • Fractures may be closed or open, depending on the presence of a scalp laceration or extension of the fracture into the air sinuses or dura.
  • The type and severity of a skull fracture depend on the velocity, the momentum, the direction and shape (blunt or sharp) of the injuring agent, and the site of impact.
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6
Q

Diffuse (Concussion)

A
  • A sudden transient mechanical head injury with disruption of neural activity and a change in LOC
  • Brief disruption in LOC
  • Amnesia
  • Headache
  • Short duration
  • A concussion is considered a minor diffuse head injury.
  • If the client has not lost consciousness, or if loss of consciousness lasts <5 minutes, the client is usually discharged from the care facility with instructions to notify the health care provider if symptoms persist, or if behavioural changes are noted.
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7
Q

Postconcussion syndrome

A
  • 2 weeks to 2 months
  • Persistent headache
  • Lethargy
  • Personality and behaviour changes
  • Shortened attention span, decreased short-term memory
  • Changes in intellectual ability
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8
Q

Second Impact Syndrome

A

Occurs when a second traumatic brain injury occurs before the symptoms of the first traumatic brain injury have healed.

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9
Q

Diffuse Axonal Injury

A

• Widespread axonal damage following mild, moderate, or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI)
• Axonal damage is not preceded by immediate tearing of the axon from the traumatic impact, but rather the trauma changes the function of the axon, resulting in axon swelling and disconnection. This process takes approximately 12–24 hours to develop and may persist longer.
• ↓ LOC
• ↑ ICP
• Decortication, decerebration
Global cerebral edema

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10
Q

Coup-Contrecoup Injury

A
  • When the head strikes the wall, a coup injury occurs as the brain strikes the skull (primary impact).
  • The contrecoup injury (the secondary impact) occurs when the brain strikes the skull surface opposite the site of original impact.
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11
Q

Focal injuries (localized)

A
  • is concentrated in one region of the brain.
  • commonly associated with an injury in which the head strikes or is struck by an object
  • Includes lacerations, contusions, hematomas, and cranial nerve injuries
  • Both injuries represent severe trauma to the brain.
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12
Q

Contusion

A
  • Bruising of brain tissue within a focal area that maintains the integrity of the pia mater and arachnoid layers
  • Usually associated with closed head injury
  • Coup-contrecoup injury
  • Prognosis is dependent on amount of bleeding around the contusion site.
  • may contain areas of hemorrhage, infarction, necrosis, and edema, and frequently occurs at a fracture site.
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13
Q

Lacerations

A
  • Involve actual tearing of the brain tissue
  • Often occur in association with depressed and open fractures and penetrating injuries
  • Intracerebral hemorrhage is generally associated with cerebral laceration.
  • Surgical repair of laceration is impossible.
  • Prognosis is poor with large intracerebral lacerations.
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14
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Results from bleeding between the dura and the inner surface of the skull
Neurological emergency
Venous or arterial origin

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15
Q

Subdural hematoma

A
  • Occurs from bleeding between the dura mater and the arachnoid layer of the meningeal covering of the brain
  • Most common source is the veins that drain the brain surface into the sagittal sinus.
  • Usually venous in origin
  • Much slower to develop into a mass large enough to produce symptoms
  • May be caused by an arterial hemorrhage
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16
Q

Chronic subdural hematoma

A
  • Develops over weeks or months after a seemingly minor head injury
  • Chronic subdural hematomas are more common in older adults because of a potentially larger subdural space that results from brain atrophy.
17
Q

Intracerebral Hematoma

A
  • aka Intraparenchymal hematoma
  • Occurs from bleeding within the brain tissue
  • Usually occurs within the frontal and temporal lobes
  • Size and location of hematoma determine client outcome.
18
Q

Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

Result of traumatic forces damaging the superficial vascular structures that exist in the subarachnoid space

19
Q

Monro-Kellie doctrine

A

states that the three components must remain at a relatively constant volume within the skull. If the volume of any one of the three components increases and the volume from another component is displaced, the total intracranial volume will not change.

three components in the skull (brain tissue, blood, CSF),

20
Q

Papilledema

A

is swelling of your optic nerve, which connects the eye and brain. This swelling is a reaction to a buildup of pressure in or around your brain that may have many causes.

21
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

A

a quick, practical, and standardized system for assessing the LOC. The three areas assessed in the GCS are the patient’s ability to speak, obey commands, and open the eyes to verbal or painful stimuli.

Brain injury are identified as

  • minor (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 13 to 15),
  • moderate (GCS score 9 to 12)
  • severe (GCS score 3 to 8).
22
Q

Cheyne-Stokes,

A

Cycles of hyperventilation and apnea

23
Q

Central neurogenic hyperventilation

A

Sustained, regular rapid and deep breathing

24
Q

Apneustic breathing

A

Prolonged inspiratory phase or pauses alternating with expiratory pauses

25
Q

Cluster breathing

A

Clusters of breaths follow each other with irregular pauses

26
Q

Deaths from head trauma occur at three points after injury

A

1) Immediately after the injury (from the direct head trauma or massive hemorrhage and shock).
2) Within two hours after injury (caused by progressive worsening of the head injury or internal bleeding).
3) Approximately three weeks after injury (result from multisystem failure).

27
Q

Linear Skull Fracture

A

Break in bone without change in relation to parts caused by low velocity injuries

28
Q

Depressed Skull Fracture

A

Inward indentation of the skull from a powerful blow

29
Q

Simple Skull Fracture

A

Linear or depressed fracture without fragmentation due to low to moderate impact

30
Q

Comminuted Skull Fracture

A

Multiple fractures with bone fragmentation due to direct, high-momentum impact

31
Q

Compound Skull Fracture

A

Depressed fracture with scalp laceration from severe head injury

32
Q

basilar skull fracture

A

is a specialized type of linear fracture that occurs when the fracture involves the base of the skull.

33
Q

Battle’s sign

A

a bruise that indicates a fracture at the bottom of the skull

34
Q

Bilateral periorbital ecchymosis (raccoon eyes)

A

produced by blood tracking into periorbital tissues, causing blue or purple discoloration of the upper and lower eyelids, which is a frequent symptom after traumatic injuries to the head and neck, including basal skull fractures, soft tissue injuries, convexity fractures

35
Q

Craniotomy

A

cutting in to release pressure

36
Q

Craniectomy

A

removing a piece of bone to allow brain to swell

37
Q

Cranioplasty

A

surgical repair of a bone defect in the skull resulting from a previous operation or injury.

38
Q

Burr-hole approach

A

drain placed to allow blood to escape out

3 MED NURS TERMS (19 decks)

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