T. Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Question 1

Infections

Answer 1

• Invasion of the body by any microorganism that causes disease and the resulting signs and symptoms that develop in response to the invasion.
• Localized or systemic
• Caused by bacteria, viruses (can only reproduce in the host), fungi and protozoa (single celled microorganism), eg. malaria caused by this)

Question 2

Emerging Infections

Answer 2

• An infectious disease whose incidence has recently increased or threatens to increase in the immediate future
• Can originate from unknown sources, contact with animals, changes in known diseases, natural disasters or biological warfare.
• Ex. COVID, SARs

Question 3

Resistant organisms (superbugs)

Answer 3

unaffected by certain antibiotics – MRSA, VRE

Question 4

HAIs (Health Care Associated Infections)

Answer 4

• Acquired from exposure to a microorganisms in a health care setting
• Common organisms include – E-coli, streps, C-difficile, S. aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes.

Question 5

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

Answer 5

• Fragile RNA virus transmitted only through contact with body fluids
– Sex
–blood/blood products
–delivery/prego/breastfeeding
• virus that attacks the body’s immune system
• over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive
• high viral load for 2-3 weeks

Question 6

Viremia

Answer 6

the presence of viruses in the blood.

Question 7

Normal range CD4+ T-cell counts

Answer 7

Normal range is 800–1 200 cells/μL.

Immune problems below 500 cells/μL.

Question 8

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Answer 8

• a disease in which cancer cells are found in the skin or mucous membranes that line the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from mouth to anus, including the stomach and intestines
• symptom of chronic HIV

Question 9

Acute HIV Infection

Answer 9

• Fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, headache, malaise, nausea, muscle and joint pain, diarrhea, or a diffuse rash
• 1-3 wks post infection
• lasts 1-2 weeks

Question 10

Early Chronic HIV Infection

Answer 10

• Generally asymptomatic

- Fatigue, headache, low-grade fever, and night sweats often occur.

Question 11

Intermediate chronic HIV

Answer 11

• Thrush
• Oral hairy leukoplakia
• Persistent vaginal candida infections
• Herpes
• Bacterial infections
• Kaposi’s sarcoma

Question 12

Late chronic or AIDS

Answer 12

• Immune system severely compromised
• Great risk for opportunistic disease
• Possible malignancies, wasting, and dementia
• A diagnosis of AIDS cannot be made until the HIV-infected client meets criteria established by the CDC.

Question 13

AIDS

Answer 13

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

syndrome, a group of connected symptoms that are usually caused by a single disease or virus.

Question 14

safe vs. risk-reducing activities

Answer 14

safe activities (those that eliminate risk)

risk-reducing activities (those that decrease, but do not eliminate, risk).

Question 15

Antiretroviral Therapy

Answer 15

Multidrug therapy can reduce viral load and disease progression, but it

• is complex
• has interactions
• does not work for everyone
• is expensive

Question 16

Acute Exacerbations of HIV

Answer 16

• Recurring problems of infection, cancer, debility, and psychosocial/economic issues affect ability to cope.
• The best way to prevent opportunistic disease is to provide adequate treatment for the underlying HIV infection.

Question 17

Lipodystrophy

Answer 17

• a group of rare syndromes that cause a person to lose fat from some parts of the body, while gaining it in others, including on organs like the liver
• A frequent first intervention is to change ART medications because some drugs are more often associated with these disorders.

Question 18

AIDS Diagnostic Criteria

Answer 18

AIDS is diagnosed when one of the following conditions develops:

1) Lowered CD4 T Cell Count (≤200 cells/µL)

2) One of the following opportunistic infections
Fungal candidiasis of the respiratory tract or esophagus
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, disseminated or extrapulmonary coccidioidomycosis, or histoplasmosis
Viral cytomegalovirus, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, or extrapulmonary cryptococcosis
Protozoal infection such as toxoplasmosis of the brain, chronic intestinal isosporiasis or cryptosporidiosis
Bacterial infections such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M avium complex, or M kansasii; recurrent pneumonia; recurrent Salmonella; or septicemia

3) One of the following cancers
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Burkitt’s lymphoma
Immunoblastic lymphoma
Primary lymphoma of the brain

4) Wasting syndrome
Loss of >10% of ideal body mass