T. Multiple Sclerosis Flashcards
Multiple Sclerosis
• Chronic, progressive, degenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS)
• Characterized by disseminated demyelination of nerve fibres of the brain and spinal cord
• Primary neuropathological condition is an autoimmune disease orchestrated by autoreactive T cells.
Process:
– Loss of myelin
– Disappearance of oligodendrocytes
– Proliferation of astrocytes
• result in plaque formation
Myelin loss
- the myelin sheaths of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord are attacked, but the nerve fibre is not affected.
- Myelin can be replaced by glial scar tissue.
- Nerve impulses slow down without myelin
- Client may complain of noticeable impairment of function.
Flaccid bladder
Large capacity for urine and no sensation to urinate
Spastic bladder
Small capacity for urine results in incontinence.
a frequent and sudden urge to urinate that may be difficult to control.
Corticosteroids
anti-inflammatory medicine
Anticholinergics
drugs that block the action of acetylcholine
Nystagmus
the eyes move rapidly and uncontrollably
Parkinson’s Disease
• Disease of basal ganglia characterized by
– Slowing down in the initiation and execution of movement
– ↑ muscle tone
– Tremor at rest
– Impaired postural reflexes
• degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra of the midbrain.
• Disrupts dopamine–acetylcholine balance in basal ganglia
• Firm diagnosis can be made when at least two of three characteristics of the classic triad
Classic triad of PD
- Tremor
- Rigidity
- Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
Antiparkinsonian drugs
- enhance or release supply of DA.
* antagonize or block the effects of overactive cholinergic neurons in the striatum.
Cogwheel rigidity
your muscle will be stiff, like in other forms of rigidity. But you might also have tremors in the same muscle when it’s at rest. Cogwheel rigidity can affect any limb, but it’s most common in the arms. I
Pill rolling
it looks like you are trying to roll a pill or another small object between your thumb and index finger
Myasthesia Gravis (MG)
- Autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction
- antibodies attack acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, resulting in a decreased number of ACh receptor (AChR) sites at the neuromuscular junction. This prevents ACh molecules from attaching and stimulating muscle contraction
- Characterized by fluctuating weakness of certain muscle groups
- Muscles are usually strongest in the morning and become exhausted with continued activity.
- a chronic autoimmune disorder in which antibodies destroy the communication between nerves and muscle, resulting in weakness of the skeletal muscles.
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus NPH)
- an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain’s ventricles, or cavities
- Symptoms include mental impairment, dementia, urinary incontinence and retention, gait and balance disturbances,
Restless Leg Syndrome
• Characterised by unpleasant sensory and motor abnormalities of one or both legs.
• Often underdiagnosed
Often a family history of RLS
• Exact pathophysiology is unknown but it is believed to be related to a dysfunction in the brain’s basal ganglia circuits that use the neurotransmitter DA
