Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Physiology > Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A

Electrical:

  • Connected via Tight junction
  • Ions flow through Connexons
  • Bidirectional

Chemical:

  • Not directly connected
  • Chemical messengers are released via synaptic vesicles not the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane
  • Unidirectional
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where are electrical synapses commonly found?

A
  • Cardiac and smooth muscle
  • Epithelial
  • Neurons and glia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does Ca bind to in the presynaptic neuron To induce vesicle release?

A
  • “Release sites” on the intracellular side of the membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What factor determines the concentration of neurotransmitter realeased?

A

Concentration of extracellular Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three principal steps of vesicle release?

A
  1. Docking - Lie close to plasma membrane
  2. Primed vesicles can be induced to fuse with plasma membrane
  3. Fusion - Vesicle fuse with plasma membrane to release Nt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Differentiate rapid and slow local potential.

A

Rapid:

  • Ionotropic receptors
  • Results in direct change in ion conductance

Slow:

  • Metabotropic receptors
  • Indirectly change ion conductance via 2nd messenger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Differentiate Ionotropic vs metabotropic

A

Ionotropic Form an ion channel

Metabotropic are indirecty linked with ion channels via signal transduction mechanisms such as GPCR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the Different Ionotropic receptors?

A

Nm/Nn Receptors (Cholinergic)

AMPA/Kainate receptors (glutamate)

NDMA receptor (glutamate + Glycine)

Serotonin receptor (5HT-3)

GABA-A Rceptor

Glycine Receptor

Histamine gated chloride channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do Cation vs Anion channels differ in their affect on potentials?

A

Cation - EPSP

Anion - IPSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the common metabotropic receptors?

A
  • Adrenergic
  • Muscarinic
  • Dopamine
  • Glutamare (mGluR1…)
  • Histamine
  • Serotonin (5HT-1,2)
  • Cannabinoid
  • Apioid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of channel is the GABA/Glycine channel?

A

Ion gated Chlorine channel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of drugs activate GABA A receptors?

A
  • Alcohol

- Benzodiazepenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is GABA?

A
  • Predominant Inhibitory NT
  • Deficiency related to seizures
  • Respond to EtOH and other drugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an important inhibitory NT is spinal cord and lower brain working on motor activity?

A

Glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the activity of Strychnine?

A

Alters glycine activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe Huntington’s Disease.

A
  • Mutation is X4
  • Excessive Trinucleotide CAG repeat
  • Loss Of Gabaergic neurons
  • Autosomal Dominant
  • Decarboxylation of glutamate
  • Symptoms start at 40; Involuntary movements, Chorea, atrophy of caudate and putamen
  • Friedrichs ataxia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe action and location of Ach receptors

A
  • Spinal cord and brain
  • Targets organs of autonomic system

Nicotinic: Excitatory and found in Neuromuscular junction

Muscarinic: found predominantly in brain; Inhibitory or excitatory

  • Excitation/inhibits target organs
  • Movement of muscles
  • learning and memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the actions and locations of NE/E?

A
  • Brain, spinal cord, and target organs
  • Excitatory

Function:
- Fight/flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are locations and functions of dopamine?

A
  • Found mostly in brain; frontal lobs, lambic system, substantially Nigra
  • Mostly inhibitory

Functions

  • Clunatry movement
  • emotional arousal and reward system
  • movement and inhibition of movement

*Parkinsons Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the primary locations and functions of Serotonin?

A

Location

  • brain and spinal cord
  • Gut

Function:

  • Inhibitory and excitatory
  • important in depression and sleep disorders
  • Digestion
  • emotional arousal
  • Too much lead to dilated pupils,, twitching and trembling, confusion, shivering, etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the SIGECAPS?

A

Diagnosis of depression:

Sleep disturbance
Interest (Loss of)
Guilt
Energy (Low)
Concentration (Loss of)
Appetite (Loss of)
Psychomotor retardation
Suicidal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the different neuromodulators?

A

Endorphins - Regulate pain and feeling f reinforcement

Substance P - Sensitivity to pain

Neuroleptic P - Regulate metabolic function, especially eating

NO - retrograde NT, Vasodilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the danger of viagra?

A
  • Viagrea increases NO Vasodilation

- Vasodilation can lead to Severe drops in BP, HA, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are here 6 ways to modulate Nt release?

A
  • Rate of synthesis
  • Storage rate
  • NT release
  • Nt reuptake
  • Deactivation via enzymes
  • block/mimic receptor site attachment
25
Q

Which neurons in the Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are cholinergic?

A

All preganglionic of sympathetic

All postganglionoc of Parasympatheic

26
Q

What are substances which modulate Ach action?

A

Hemicholinium - Block uptake of Choline

Vesamicol - Inhibit Ach uptake

Botulinum - Block release of Ach

27
Q

Compare Nicotinic Ach vs muscarinic Ach transmission.

A

Nic - ion-gated; Fast EPSP;

Musc - GPCR; Slow EPSP or IPSP

28
Q

What are common muscarinic agonists?

A

Pilocarpine & Carbachol: USed to treat paralytic lieu’s, Urine retention, glaucoma, and myasthenia gravis by binding Ach receptors

29
Q

What is a common Musc antagonists?

A

Atropine - Dec Ach effectiveness

30
Q

What is the action of bethanechol?

A
  • Relaxes urinary bladder sphincter

- stimulates cholinergic receptors

31
Q

What is the primary purpose of Pilocarpine and mitosis in glaucoma patients?

A
  • Helps facilitate outflow of aqueous humor
32
Q

What is the action os succinylCholine?

A

Attaches to Nicotinic receptors and depolarize junction; Acts longer as it does not get degraded quickly

33
Q

What is the action of pancuronium?

A

Neuromuscular blocker used during surgery, etc.

Depolarizing blocking agents which makes the muscles fibers resistant to further stimulation by Ach

34
Q

What drugs increase Ach receptor stimulation by inhibiting Ach-esterase?

A

Neostigmine
Physostigmine
Nerve gases (Sarin)
Pesticides like malathione

35
Q

What is SLUD Syndrome

A

Caused by overactivation of Ach receptors

Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defacation

36
Q

Which Nt system is most affected by Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Cholinergic system

37
Q

What are the affects of drugs like tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and glantamine on neurpdegenrative disease??

A
  • ChEIs are used to treat Alzheimer’s disease

- Can slow progression; CANNOT STOP progression

38
Q

How does Myasthenia Gravis differ from Lambert-Eaton disease?

A

MG —> Antibodies against Ach

LE —> Antibodies against presynaptic voltage gated calcium channels preventing Ach release

39
Q

How would MG affect the papillary response?

A

Papillary response in MG is normal due to it being controlled by M3 receptors

MA only affects Nicotinic receptors

40
Q

What are the three types of incontinence?

A
  • Overflow
  • Stress
  • Urge
41
Q

What muscle is involved in overactive bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

42
Q

What drugs are common modulators of catecholamines?

A

Metyrosine - Inhibit Tyr hydroxylase —> DEC Dopa

Guanethidine/Bretylium - Inhibit NE transport

Cocaine - Inhibit reuptake of SE/NE; Stim DA

Amphetamine - Inhibits reuptake + INC release of NE

43
Q

How does Reserpine work?

A
  • Blocks neuronal VMAT2 (vesicular Monoamine transporters) receptors and reduces storage of NE/DA
44
Q

Why is the max dose sale allowed of pseudoephedrine 20 mg?

A

Pseudoephedrine modulates adrenergic system by modulating dopamine

45
Q

How is Tyrosine transported into the nerve terminal, and what modulates it?

A

Transported via Na symporter

Blocked by cocaine and tricyclics antidepressants

46
Q

What is the effect of Phenelzine, tranylcypromine, and tyramine? Where will you find these substances?

A

Cause sympathetic activation when combines with MAOA- inhibitors

Found in Red wine, Cheese, and red meat

47
Q

What are the main locations of the different subclasses of alpha/beta adrenergic neurons?

A

Alpha-1: Vascular SM, GU smooth muscle, and heart

Beta-1: Heart and kidney

Beta-2: Brachial smooth muscle, vascular smooth muscle, and genitourinary smooth muscle

48
Q

What are the main actions of alpha 1 receptors?

A
  • Peripheral vasoconstriction
  • Increased Contractile
  • DEC HR
49
Q

What is the main actions of Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors?

A

Peripheral vasodilation

50
Q

What are the actions of Beta-1 receptors?

A
  • Increased HR
  • Increased Contractile Force
  • Increased Automaticity
51
Q

What are the main effects of Beta-2 receptor activation?

A
  • Peripheral Vasodilation
  • Bronchodilation
  • Uterine smooth muscle relaxation
  • GI smooth muscle relaxation
52
Q

What are the main effects of activation of dopaminergic adrenergic receptors?

A

Renal Vasodilation

Mesenteric Vasodilation

53
Q

What is the 2nd messenger systems for alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha-1 —> PLC to PIP2 system

Alpha-2 —> Inhibits adenylyl cyclase

54
Q

What are important modulators of alpha/beta receptors?

A

Phenylephrine —> Alpha 1
Clonidine —> Alpha 2
Dobutamine - Beta 1
Terbutaline —> Beta 2

55
Q

Why is Epinephrine a “last resort.”

A

Exerts combined alpha and beta agonist activity which has effects on peripheral vasoconstriction in GI and renal beds.

56
Q

How does Epinephrine dose affect receptor activation?

A

Low dose —> Only Beta2 resulting in vasodilation on skeletal muscle and decrease peripheral resistance

Intermediate dose —> Both Alpha2/Beta2 equally resulting in no peripheral resistance

High Dose —> Alpha1 will predominate causing vasoconstriction, peripheral resistance, and INC BP

57
Q

How does Dobutamine differ from use of dopamine?

A
  • Less risk of tachycardia
  • No effect of Wedge pressure
  • No effect on Renal blood flow
58
Q

What system is the endocannabinoid system thought to be involved in?

A
  • Feeding behavior
  • Control of food intake
  • Energy balance
59
Q

What is Rimonabant?

A

CB receptor antagonist; reduces excess body weight

Medical Physiology (43 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions