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Medical Physiology > Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A

Electrical:

  • Connected via Tight junction
  • Ions flow through Connexons
  • Bidirectional

Chemical:

  • Not directly connected
  • Chemical messengers are released via synaptic vesicles not the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on postsynaptic membrane
  • Unidirectional
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2
Q

Where are electrical synapses commonly found?

A
  • Cardiac and smooth muscle
  • Epithelial
  • Neurons and glia
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3
Q

Where does Ca bind to in the presynaptic neuron To induce vesicle release?

A
  • “Release sites” on the intracellular side of the membrane
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4
Q

What factor determines the concentration of neurotransmitter realeased?

A

Concentration of extracellular Ca

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5
Q

What are the three principal steps of vesicle release?

A
  1. Docking - Lie close to plasma membrane
  2. Primed vesicles can be induced to fuse with plasma membrane
  3. Fusion - Vesicle fuse with plasma membrane to release Nt
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6
Q

Differentiate rapid and slow local potential.

A

Rapid:

  • Ionotropic receptors
  • Results in direct change in ion conductance

Slow:

  • Metabotropic receptors
  • Indirectly change ion conductance via 2nd messenger
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7
Q

Differentiate Ionotropic vs metabotropic

A

Ionotropic Form an ion channel

Metabotropic are indirecty linked with ion channels via signal transduction mechanisms such as GPCR

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8
Q

What are the Different Ionotropic receptors?

A

Nm/Nn Receptors (Cholinergic)

AMPA/Kainate receptors (glutamate)

NDMA receptor (glutamate + Glycine)

Serotonin receptor (5HT-3)

GABA-A Rceptor

Glycine Receptor

Histamine gated chloride channel

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9
Q

How do Cation vs Anion channels differ in their affect on potentials?

A

Cation - EPSP

Anion - IPSP

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10
Q

What are the common metabotropic receptors?

A
  • Adrenergic
  • Muscarinic
  • Dopamine
  • Glutamare (mGluR1…)
  • Histamine
  • Serotonin (5HT-1,2)
  • Cannabinoid
  • Apioid
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11
Q

What type of channel is the GABA/Glycine channel?

A

Ion gated Chlorine channel

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12
Q

What type of drugs activate GABA A receptors?

A
  • Alcohol

- Benzodiazepenes

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13
Q

What is GABA?

A
  • Predominant Inhibitory NT
  • Deficiency related to seizures
  • Respond to EtOH and other drugs
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14
Q

What is an important inhibitory NT is spinal cord and lower brain working on motor activity?

A

Glycine

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15
Q

What is the activity of Strychnine?

A

Alters glycine activity

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16
Q

Describe Huntington’s Disease.

A
  • Mutation is X4
  • Excessive Trinucleotide CAG repeat
  • Loss Of Gabaergic neurons
  • Autosomal Dominant
  • Decarboxylation of glutamate
  • Symptoms start at 40; Involuntary movements, Chorea, atrophy of caudate and putamen
  • Friedrichs ataxia
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17
Q

Describe action and location of Ach receptors

A
  • Spinal cord and brain
  • Targets organs of autonomic system

Nicotinic: Excitatory and found in Neuromuscular junction

Muscarinic: found predominantly in brain; Inhibitory or excitatory

  • Excitation/inhibits target organs
  • Movement of muscles
  • learning and memory
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18
Q

What are the actions and locations of NE/E?

A
  • Brain, spinal cord, and target organs
  • Excitatory

Function:
- Fight/flight

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19
Q

What are locations and functions of dopamine?

A
  • Found mostly in brain; frontal lobs, lambic system, substantially Nigra
  • Mostly inhibitory

Functions

  • Clunatry movement
  • emotional arousal and reward system
  • movement and inhibition of movement

*Parkinsons Disease

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20
Q

What are the primary locations and functions of Serotonin?

A

Location

  • brain and spinal cord
  • Gut

Function:

  • Inhibitory and excitatory
  • important in depression and sleep disorders
  • Digestion
  • emotional arousal
  • Too much lead to dilated pupils,, twitching and trembling, confusion, shivering, etc
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21
Q

What is the SIGECAPS?

A

Diagnosis of depression:

Sleep disturbance
Interest (Loss of)
Guilt
Energy (Low)
Concentration (Loss of)
Appetite (Loss of)
Psychomotor retardation
Suicidal
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22
Q

What are the different neuromodulators?

A

Endorphins - Regulate pain and feeling f reinforcement

Substance P - Sensitivity to pain

Neuroleptic P - Regulate metabolic function, especially eating

NO - retrograde NT, Vasodilation

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23
Q

What is the danger of viagra?

A
  • Viagrea increases NO Vasodilation

- Vasodilation can lead to Severe drops in BP, HA, death

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24
Q

What are here 6 ways to modulate Nt release?

A
  • Rate of synthesis
  • Storage rate
  • NT release
  • Nt reuptake
  • Deactivation via enzymes
  • block/mimic receptor site attachment
25
Which neurons in the Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are cholinergic?
All preganglionic of sympathetic All postganglionoc of Parasympatheic
26
What are substances which modulate Ach action?
Hemicholinium - Block uptake of Choline Vesamicol - Inhibit Ach uptake Botulinum - Block release of Ach
27
Compare Nicotinic Ach vs muscarinic Ach transmission.
Nic - ion-gated; Fast EPSP; Musc - GPCR; Slow EPSP or IPSP
28
What are common muscarinic agonists?
Pilocarpine & Carbachol: USed to treat paralytic lieu’s, Urine retention, glaucoma, and myasthenia gravis by binding Ach receptors
29
What is a common Musc antagonists?
Atropine - Dec Ach effectiveness
30
What is the action of bethanechol?
- Relaxes urinary bladder sphincter | - stimulates cholinergic receptors
31
What is the primary purpose of Pilocarpine and mitosis in glaucoma patients?
- Helps facilitate outflow of aqueous humor
32
What is the action os succinylCholine?
Attaches to Nicotinic receptors and depolarize junction; Acts longer as it does not get degraded quickly
33
What is the action of pancuronium?
Neuromuscular blocker used during surgery, etc. Depolarizing blocking agents which makes the muscles fibers resistant to further stimulation by Ach
34
What drugs increase Ach receptor stimulation by inhibiting Ach-esterase?
Neostigmine Physostigmine Nerve gases (Sarin) Pesticides like malathione
35
What is SLUD Syndrome
Caused by overactivation of Ach receptors Salivation Lacrimation Urination Defacation
36
Which Nt system is most affected by Alzheimer’s disease?
Cholinergic system
37
What are the affects of drugs like tacrine, donepezil, rivastigmine, and glantamine on neurpdegenrative disease??
- ChEIs are used to treat Alzheimer’s disease | - Can slow progression; CANNOT STOP progression
38
How does Myasthenia Gravis differ from Lambert-Eaton disease?
MG —> Antibodies against Ach LE —> Antibodies against presynaptic voltage gated calcium channels preventing Ach release
39
How would MG affect the papillary response?
Papillary response in MG is normal due to it being controlled by M3 receptors MA only affects Nicotinic receptors
40
What are the three types of incontinence?
- Overflow - Stress - Urge
41
What muscle is involved in overactive bladder?
Detrusor muscle
42
What drugs are common modulators of catecholamines?
Metyrosine - Inhibit Tyr hydroxylase —> DEC Dopa Guanethidine/Bretylium - Inhibit NE transport Cocaine - Inhibit reuptake of SE/NE; Stim DA Amphetamine - Inhibits reuptake + INC release of NE
43
How does Reserpine work?
- Blocks neuronal VMAT2 (vesicular Monoamine transporters) receptors and reduces storage of NE/DA
44
Why is the max dose sale allowed of pseudoephedrine 20 mg?
Pseudoephedrine modulates adrenergic system by modulating dopamine
45
How is Tyrosine transported into the nerve terminal, and what modulates it?
Transported via Na symporter Blocked by cocaine and tricyclics antidepressants
46
What is the effect of Phenelzine, tranylcypromine, and tyramine? Where will you find these substances?
Cause sympathetic activation when combines with MAOA- inhibitors Found in Red wine, Cheese, and red meat
47
What are the main locations of the different subclasses of alpha/beta adrenergic neurons?
Alpha-1: Vascular SM, GU smooth muscle, and heart Beta-1: Heart and kidney Beta-2: Brachial smooth muscle, vascular smooth muscle, and genitourinary smooth muscle
48
What are the main actions of alpha 1 receptors?
- Peripheral vasoconstriction - Increased Contractile - DEC HR
49
What is the main actions of Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors?
Peripheral vasodilation
50
What are the actions of Beta-1 receptors?
- Increased HR - Increased Contractile Force - Increased Automaticity
51
What are the main effects of Beta-2 receptor activation?
- Peripheral Vasodilation - Bronchodilation - Uterine smooth muscle relaxation - GI smooth muscle relaxation
52
What are the main effects of activation of dopaminergic adrenergic receptors?
Renal Vasodilation | Mesenteric Vasodilation
53
What is the 2nd messenger systems for alpha-1 and alpha-2 adrenergic receptors?
Alpha-1 —> PLC to PIP2 system Alpha-2 —> Inhibits adenylyl cyclase
54
What are important modulators of alpha/beta receptors?
Phenylephrine —> Alpha 1 Clonidine —> Alpha 2 Dobutamine - Beta 1 Terbutaline —> Beta 2
55
Why is Epinephrine a “last resort.”
Exerts combined alpha and beta agonist activity which has effects on peripheral vasoconstriction in GI and renal beds.
56
How does Epinephrine dose affect receptor activation?
Low dose —> Only Beta2 resulting in vasodilation on skeletal muscle and decrease peripheral resistance Intermediate dose —> Both Alpha2/Beta2 equally resulting in no peripheral resistance High Dose —> Alpha1 will predominate causing vasoconstriction, peripheral resistance, and INC BP
57
How does Dobutamine differ from use of dopamine?
- Less risk of tachycardia - No effect of Wedge pressure - No effect on Renal blood flow
58
What system is the endocannabinoid system thought to be involved in?
- Feeding behavior - Control of food intake - Energy balance
59
What is Rimonabant?
CB receptor antagonist; reduces excess body weight

Medical Physiology (43 decks)

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