Physiology Integration

Question 1

Why would fatty foods aggregate a patients RUQ pain?

Answer 1

Effect of fatty foods on gallstones: Fatty foods cause
secretion of CCK, which causes contraction of the
gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi.
Because gallstones are blocking the outflow of bile,
when the gallbladder is stimulated to contract, the
obstruction leads to increased pain.

Question 2

What effect does cholecystokinin (CCK) have on gastric emptying?

Answer 2

What effect does cholecystokinin (CCK) have on gastric emptying?

Question 3

Why does CCK have some gastrin-like properties?

Answer 3

CCK and gastrin: Five C-terminal amino acids the same
as gastrin, and this terminal heptapeptide is where the
biologic activity resides

Question 4

What part of the GI tract is composed of striated muscle and smooth muscle?

Answer 4

▪ Striated : Striated muscle found in pharynx, upper third
of the esophagus, and external anal sphincter.
▪ Smooth muscle found in all areas in between, including
the LES.

Question 5

What factors are responsible for the tonic contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) between swallows?

Answer 5

Tone of the LES: Inherent to the LES smooth muscle

and augmented by cholinergic nerves.

Question 6

What are the major neurotransmitters responsible for regulating contraction and relaxation of the LES?

Answer 6

Neurotransmitters in LES: Acetylcholine (ACh),

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), nitric oxide (NO).

Question 7

By what mechanism might elevated gastrin levels cause ulcers?

Answer 7

Mechanism that might lead to peptic ulcers: Continuous
acid secretion that is not subject to negative feedback
and injures the gastric mucosa.

Question 8

Cardiac output from Ficks Principle

Answer 8

CO = O2 consumption / [O2pvein - O2partery]

Question 9

Calculate TPR

Answer 9

R = dP/Q

TPR = (MAP-RAP)/CO

Question 10

Calculate PVR

Answer 10

Similar to TPR, except left atrium instead

PVR = (MAP - LAP)/ CO

Question 11

What is the total blood flow (in mL/min) through all of the pulmonary capillaries?

Answer 11

Pulmonary capillary blood flow = Pulonary artery BF = Right Atrial flow = 5229 mL/min

Question 12

If the diameter of the aorta is 20 mm, what is the velocity of aortic blood flow?

Answer 12

V = Q/A = 5.229 m^3/min / 3.12 X 10^2

= 1.665 M/min

Question 13

In pain theory, what happens during normal somatosensory input?

Answer 13

More large fiber stimulation or only large fiber stimulation. Both inhibitory neuron and projection neurons are stimulated except the inhibitory prevents projection neuron from firing