Regulation of Cell Div Flashcards
Where is mitochondrial DNA from?
Mother
What defines a gene?
A gene (locus) is a region of DNA that encodes a functional RNA (tRNA, rRNA, mi/e/f/si/? RNA) or protein product (mRNA)
What is hemizygosity?
When only one copy of a gene is present
Define Mosaic?
Mixture of mutant and non mutant cells
Differentiate ploidy, # autosomes, and number of sex chromosomes in the cell after meiosis vs mitosis.
Mitosis:
- Diploid
- 44 autosomes
- 2 sex chromosomes
Meiosis:
- Haploid
- 22 autosomes
- 1 sex chromosomes
What is the term used to describe a condition where an individual has an abnormal number of chromosomes?
Aneuploidy
What is pharmacogenomics?
branch of pharmacology which deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity
What are the subphases of interphase?
- G1: Organelle synthesis
- S Phase: DNA
- G2: Protein synthesis and prep for mit
Which proteins regulates events in the cell cycle?
Cyclins combine with and activate Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDK) which regulate events that allow the progression of the cell through the steps of the cell cycle
Which of the following is a heterodimeric protein kinase that regulates many of the functions required for a cell to start chromosomal replication (G1 to S phase transition)?
A. CDK4-cyclin D B. Maturation-promoting factor C. Cdk1-cyclin A D. Cyclin E E. Checkpoint kinase 1
A. CDK4-cyclin D
What type of kinase is CDK4?
Ser/Thr Kinase
What is the affect of activation of CDK4-Cyclin D complexes?
Phosphorylation and inhibition of Rb (Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein)
Which of the following is a heterodimeric protein kinase that regulates many of the functions required for a cell to enter mitosis (G2 to mitosis transition)?
A. Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4 (CDK4) B. Maturation-promoting factor C. Tumor suppressor p53 D. Cyclin A E. Checkpoint kinase 1
B. Maturation-promoting factor
What makes up MPF?
- CyclinA/B
2. CDK1 or p34 kinase
What processes are initiated by MPF?
- Chromatin condensation
- Mitotic spindle formation
- Degradation of the nuclear envelope
- Golgi Fragmentation
What are the three genome maintenance mechanisms?
- Cell cycle arrest
- DNA repair
- Apoptosis
What are the three cell cycle checkpoints?
- G1/S: start copying DNA
- Mid-G2: DNA complete and correctly copied?
- Metaphase: Condensed properly? Correctly separated??
What is a Neoplasm? What are their causes?
Uncontrolled cell growth usually due to multiple genetic mutations.
- Increased activity of oncogenes
- Decreaseed activity of tumor suppressor genes
What is an oncogene? Porto-oncogene?
An oncogene is a gene that has the
potential to cause uncontrolled cell growth (neoplasm)
A proto-oncogene is a normal gene
include HER2, RAS, WNT, MYC, ERK, TRK, ABL
that can become a tumor promotor gene (oncogene) due to mutation or increased expression
Which class of chemotherapy drug inhibits DNA synthesis? [select all that apply]
A. CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors B. Purine antimetabolites C. Intercalating agents D. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors E. Microtubule inhibitors
B. Purine antimetabolites
C. Intercalating agents
What are the main classes of Chemotherapy drugs classes?
Antimetabolites: Inhibit DNA synthesis (Methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine)
Alkylation agents: Bind DNA (Cyclophoshamide;)
DNA intercalated agents: Binds DNA (anthracyclines: actinomycin, cisplatin)
Which class of chemotherapy drug inhibits chromosome separation during cell division?
A. CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors B. Purine antimetabolites C. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors D. Microtubule inhibitors E. Intercalating agents
D. Microtubule inhibitors
Which drugs Inhibit microtubule formation? Stabilize microtubules? Microtubule depolymerization?
Formation:
- Colchicine
- vinchristine (oncovine)
- Vinblastine
Stabilize:
- Taxol (Paclitaxel)
Depolymerization
-Nocadazol
Describe the subunits and structures formed by microtubules
- Composed of Tubulin
- Forms cytoskeleton framework, centrioles, cilia. Flagella, interact w/ motor proteins
