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Medical Physiology > Regulation of Cell Div > Flashcards

Regulation of Cell Div Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Where is mitochondrial DNA from?

A

Mother

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2
Q

What defines a gene?

A 
A gene (locus) is a region of DNA
that encodes a functional RNA
(tRNA, rRNA, mi/e/f/si/? RNA) or
protein product (mRNA)
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3
Q

What is hemizygosity?

A

When only one copy of a gene is present

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4
Q

Define Mosaic?

A

Mixture of mutant and non mutant cells

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5
Q

Differentiate ploidy, # autosomes, and number of sex chromosomes in the cell after meiosis vs mitosis.

A

Mitosis:

  • Diploid
  • 44 autosomes
  • 2 sex chromosomes

Meiosis:

  • Haploid
  • 22 autosomes
  • 1 sex chromosomes
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6
Q

What is the term used to describe a condition where an individual has an abnormal number of chromosomes?

A

Aneuploidy

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7
Q

What is pharmacogenomics?

A 
branch of pharmacology which deals with the
influence of genetic variation on drug
response in patients by correlating gene
expression or single-nucleotide
polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or
toxicity
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8
Q

What are the subphases of interphase?

A
  • G1: Organelle synthesis
  • S Phase: DNA
  • G2: Protein synthesis and prep for mit
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9
Q

Which proteins regulates events in the cell cycle?

A

Cyclins combine with and activate Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDK) which regulate events that allow the progression of the cell through the steps of the cell cycle

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10
Q

Which of the following is a heterodimeric protein kinase that regulates many of the functions required for a cell to start chromosomal replication (G1 to S phase transition)?

A. CDK4-cyclin D 
B. Maturation-promoting factor 
C. Cdk1-cyclin A 
D. Cyclin E 
E. Checkpoint kinase 1
A

A. CDK4-cyclin D

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11
Q

What type of kinase is CDK4?

A

Ser/Thr Kinase

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12
Q

What is the affect of activation of CDK4-Cyclin D complexes?

A

Phosphorylation and inhibition of Rb (Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein)

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13
Q

Which of the following is a heterodimeric protein kinase that regulates many of the functions required for a cell to enter mitosis (G2 to mitosis transition)?

A. Cyclin Dependent Kinase 4 (CDK4)
B. Maturation-promoting factor 
C. Tumor suppressor p53 
D. Cyclin A 
E. Checkpoint kinase 1
A

B. Maturation-promoting factor

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14
Q

What makes up MPF?

A
  1. CyclinA/B

2. CDK1 or p34 kinase

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15
Q

What processes are initiated by MPF?

A
  • Chromatin condensation
  • Mitotic spindle formation
  • Degradation of the nuclear envelope
  • Golgi Fragmentation
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16
Q

What are the three genome maintenance mechanisms?

A
  • Cell cycle arrest
  • DNA repair
  • Apoptosis
17
Q

What are the three cell cycle checkpoints?

A
  • G1/S: start copying DNA
  • Mid-G2: DNA complete and correctly copied?
  • Metaphase: Condensed properly? Correctly separated??
18
Q

What is a Neoplasm? What are their causes?

A

Uncontrolled cell growth usually due to multiple genetic mutations.

  • Increased activity of oncogenes
  • Decreaseed activity of tumor suppressor genes
19
Q

What is an oncogene? Porto-oncogene?

A

An oncogene is a gene that has the
potential to cause uncontrolled cell growth (neoplasm)

A proto-oncogene is a normal gene
include HER2, RAS, WNT, MYC, ERK, TRK, ABL
that can become a tumor promotor gene (oncogene) due to mutation or increased expression

20
Q

Which class of chemotherapy drug inhibits DNA synthesis? [select all that apply]

A. CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors 
B. Purine antimetabolites 
C. Intercalating agents 
D. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors 
E. Microtubule inhibitors
A

B. Purine antimetabolites

C. Intercalating agents

21
Q

What are the main classes of Chemotherapy drugs classes?

A

Antimetabolites: Inhibit DNA synthesis (Methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine)

Alkylation agents: Bind DNA (Cyclophoshamide;)

DNA intercalated agents: Binds DNA (anthracyclines: actinomycin, cisplatin)

22
Q

Which class of chemotherapy drug inhibits chromosome separation during cell division?

A. CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors 
B. Purine antimetabolites 
C. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors 
D. Microtubule inhibitors 
E. Intercalating agents
A

D. Microtubule inhibitors

23
Q

Which drugs Inhibit microtubule formation? Stabilize microtubules? Microtubule depolymerization?

A

Formation:

  • Colchicine
  • vinchristine (oncovine)
  • Vinblastine

Stabilize:
- Taxol (Paclitaxel)

Depolymerization
-Nocadazol

24
Q

Describe the subunits and structures formed by microtubules

A
  • Composed of Tubulin

- Forms cytoskeleton framework, centrioles, cilia. Flagella, interact w/ motor proteins

25
Q

What are the classes of intermediate filaments.

A
  • Vimentin
  • Keratin
  • Laminin
  • Desmond
  • Neurofilament
  • GFAP
26
Q

What are the subunits of microfilaments, and what do they interact with?

A

Actin

Motor proteins

27
Q

What is Gleevec, and how does it work?

A
  • Gleevec is a drug used to treat chronic myelogenic leukemia
  • CML is caused by a continuously active TKR
  • Gleevec inhibits TKRs
28
Q

Which of the following drugs is a bcr/abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor? [select all that apply]

A. Imatinib (Gleevec®) 
B. Palbociclib (Ibrance®) 
C. Ruxolitinib (Jakafi®) 
D. Abemaciclib (Verzenio®) 
E. Trastuzumab (Herceptin®)
A

A. Imagining (Gleevec)

C. Ruxolitinib (Jakafi®)

29
Q

What type of gene is HER2/neu?

A

Protooncogene

30
Q

What is trastuzumab (Herceptin).

A

A monoclonal antibody used to treat metastatic beast cancer who expresss HER2

31
Q

What are Cetuximab (Erbitux®) and bevacizumab

(Avastin®)?

A

Monoclonal antibodies which bind EGF receptor and inhibit EGF-induced cell growth in cancer cells; specifically, colorectal cancer and cancer of head/neck

32
Q

Which of the following drugs is a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK4/CDK6) inhibitor used to treat ER-positive, HER2-negative, breast cancer? [select all that apply]

A. Imatinib (Gleevec®) 
B. Palbociclib (Ibrance®) 
C. Ruxolitinib (Jakafi®) 
D. Abemaciclib (Verzenio®) 
E. Trastuzumab (Herceptin®)
A

B. Palbociclib (Ibrance®)

D. Abemaciclib (Verzenio®)

Medical Physiology (43 decks)

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