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Medical Physiology > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Differentiate Dorsal and Ventral roots of spinal nerves.

A

Dorsal Root: Afferent fibers with neural bodies in ganglion

Ventral Root: Efferent motor fibers stemming from motor neuron cell bodies in spinal cord

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2
Q

What type of neuron is the first order sensory neuron? What are the branches?

A

Pseudo unipolar

Peripheral branch coming from sensory

Central branch going to CNS

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3
Q

Which tract convert information about pain and temperature?

A

Spinothalamic

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4
Q

Differentiate Paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia

A
  1. Paravertebral: Around the Vertebral column on both sides (sympathetic chain)
  2. Prevertebal: In front of the vertebral column (celiac, superior mesenteric)
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5
Q

What are major anatomical differences in neuron pathway for sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways?

A
  • Parasympathetic: Postganglionic is short; Preganglionic is long
  • Sympathetic: - Preganglionic is short; Postganglionic is long
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6
Q

Where do intramural ganglion lie?

A

Within the wall of the organ

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7
Q

What are chromaffin cells?

A

transformed postsynaptic sympathetic neurons in the adrenal gland that contribute to generalized sympathetic activation by adrenaline release into the circulation

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8
Q

What are the physiological changes in flight/flight?

A
  1. INC BP, HCV, Contraction force, and HR
  2. INC depth/rate resp
  3. Shift of blood f/ organs to muscle
  4. Increased lipolysis/glycogenolysis
  5. Inhibition of GI motility/secretion
  6. Widening of eyelids
  7. Mydriasis
  8. Sweating and piloerection
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9
Q

What is an example of parasympathetic and sympathetic cooperation?

A

Diving in cold water

  • DEC HR
  • Skin vascocontriction
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10
Q

What are the receptors and NTs for the parasympathetic pathway?

A

Ach —> Nic (Ach) —> Muscarinic target

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11
Q

What are the receptors and NTs for the sympathetic pathway?

A

Ach —> Nic; NA —> Adrenergic target

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12
Q

What type of receptor is a Nicotinic receptor?

A

Ligand gated Na channel

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13
Q

What type of receptor is the muscarinic receptor

A

7 pass transmembrane Ach GPCR

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14
Q

Which nerves modulate central sympathetic tone (baroreflex)?

A

Afferent visceral fibers of glossopharyngeal CN IX and Vagus CN X Nerve

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15
Q

How does Adrenal medulla and sweat gland sympathetic activation differ from other pathways?

A
  • Activated via Ach

- No ganglia

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16
Q

What type of receptor is on the cells of the adrenal medulla and sweat glands?

A

Nicotinic

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17
Q

Differentiate binding affinity EP/E to their receptors

A
  • NE preferentially binds alpha, while Ep binds Beta receptors
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18
Q

Differentiate alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptor action.

A

Alpha-1: Postsynaptic, excitatory

Alpha-2: presynaptic, inhibitory

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19
Q

Differentiate action of beta 1/2 receptors

A

Beta-1: Postsynaptic excitatory

Beta-2: Postsynaptic inhibitory

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20
Q

What are the main side affects of activation of alpha 1 receptors?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • INC BP/peripheral resistance
  • Lid retraction
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21
Q

What are the main side effects of alpha 2 receptors?

A
  • Inhibits NE release
  • DEC BP/Vessel tone
  • DEC intraocular pressure
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22
Q

What are the main symptoms of activation of Beta 1 receptors?

A

Tachycardia

INC myocardial contractibility/metabolism

INC renin

23
Q

What are the main symptoms from Beta 2 receptor activation?

A

Bronchodilation

Relaxed Uterine Muscle

Increased intraocular pressure

24
Q

How does propanalol affect angina pectoris?

A

Propanalol decreases metabolic demand of cardiomyocytes abundant hero’s to balance deficiency in circulatory O2 supply

25
Q

What is the action of clonidine?

A

Alpha-2 agonist

26
Q

Which type of sympathetic receptors dominate the heart?

A

Beta 1

27
Q

Which type of sympathetic receptors predominate skin/splanchnic and result in contraction?

A

Alpha 1

28
Q

What type of sympathetic receptors predominate skeletal muscle, and what are the symptoms?

A

Beta2 - Dilation

Alpha 1 - Contrictions

29
Q

What type of sympathetic receptors predominate bronchioles?

A

Beta2 - Dilation

30
Q

What type of sympathetic receptors predominate in the GI?

A

Smooth Muscle - Relaxatin; Beta2

Sphincter - Contraction; Alpha 1

Saliva secretion - Beta1

31
Q

What type of sympathetic receptors predominate the bladder?

A

Relaxation - Beta2

Internal sphincter contraction - Alpha1

32
Q

What type of sympathetic receptors predominate male genitalia?

A

Alpha - ejaculation

33
Q

What type of sympathetic receptors predominate Uterene muscle?

A

Beta2 - relaxation

34
Q

What type of sympathetic receptors predominate the Iris?

A

Alpha 1 - Mydriasis

35
Q

What type of sympathetic receptors predominate the ciliary muscles?

A

Beta - dilation

36
Q

What type of sympathetic receptors predominate pilomotor mucles?

A

alpha - Contriction

37
Q

What type of sympathetic receptors predominate Liver, adipose, and kidney?

A

Liver - Alpha and Beta; Increases secretions

Adipose - Beta; Lipolysis

Kidney - Increased filtration; Beta 1

38
Q

What are the main parasympathetic CN?

A

CNIII, VII, IX, and X

39
Q

Differentiate control of eyelid elevation vs winking.

A

Eyelid elevation - CN III

Winking - Orbicularis oculi: CN VII

40
Q

Describe pathology of Facial palsy Of CN VII. What type of receptor is inactive?

A
  • Damage to CN VII
  • Cannot close eyelids
  • Dry eyes
  • Bell’s phenomenon
  • Nicotinic receptors affected
41
Q

Describe the affects of organophophorous poisoning and treatment

A
  • Cholinergic Crisis
Salivation
Lacrimation
Urination
Defecation/Diaphorisis
Gastric Secretion
Emesis

Treated with Atropine

42
Q

What is anisocoria?

A

Pupillary inequality

43
Q

What is the mechanism of action of cocaine?

A

Blocks NE reuptake

44
Q

What are the two chemical mechanisms for pupil dilation?

A

Activation of adrenergic receptors

Blockage of muscarinic receptors

45
Q

What is meiosis/myosis?

A

Pupil constriction via parasympathetic influence

46
Q

Describe the pathology of Horner’s Syndrome

A
  1. Anhydrosis
  2. Myosis
  3. Partial Ptosis
  4. Enophthalmos
  • Interruption of the sympathetic pathway
  • Pancoast tumor
47
Q

What is the main upper eyelid retractor? What innervates it?

A

Levator Palpebrae superioris

Somatic of CN III

48
Q

What is the action of:

Botox
Black widow venom
Ampthetamine

A

Botox - Anticholinergic
Venom - Cholinergic
Amphetamine - adrenergic

49
Q

What is the pathology of Sjogren’s syndrome?

A
  • Chronic inflammatory autoimmune
  • Deficiency of exocrine glands in mouth/eye
  • Cholinergic drugs may treat
  • Anticholunergic drugs will not (Atropine)
50
Q

Describe pathology of pheochromocytoma.

A
  • Rare tumor of adrenal gland
  • Increases production of NE/EP by chromaffin cells
  • Chest pain. Hypertension, Headache, Racing heart, and diaphoresis

*NE levels do not decrease after clonidine

51
Q

Describe pathology of autonomic dysreflexia.

A
  • Spinal cord injury T6 to above
  • Lower sympathetic tone
  • hypotension due to dilation of splanchnic vessels
  • headaches f/ sever hypertension due to aberrant sympathetic activation
  • Profuse sweating and orthostatic hypotension
52
Q

What are the types of diabetic neuropathy and associated symptoms?

A
  1. Sensory somatic nerves - Parasthesia and pain in extremities
  2. Motor somatic nerve - CN II palsy
  3. Visceral somatic - “silent MI” Fromm atherosclerosis.
  4. Efferent autonomic fibers - Symp/Para with wide range of symptoms like tachycardia, hypertension, hyper hydros is, constiptation, xerophtalmos
53
Q

Describe pathology of Reflex sympathetic dystrophy.

A
  • Chronic progressive disorder
  • Pain, swelling, discoloration, and sudomotor disturbances
  • Affects sympathetic nerves that innervates cutaneous vasculature and sweat glands

Medical Physiology (43 decks)

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