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I. Neuroanatomy > Sympathetic Autonomic System (M2) > Flashcards

Sympathetic Autonomic System (M2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fiber types of the autonomic nervous system?

A

General Visceral Efferent

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2
Q

What three effectors does the autonomic nervous system innervate?

A
  1. cardiac muscle
  2. glands
  3. smooth muscle
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3
Q

Which autonomic nervous system is responsible for fight or flight?

A

sympathetic

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4
Q

Which autonomic nervous system is responsible for rest and digest?

A

parasympathetic

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5
Q

Which autonomic nervous system is located in the thoracolumbar region?

A

sympathetic

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6
Q

Which autonomic nervous system is located in the craniosacral region?

A

parasympathetic

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7
Q

Which autonomic nervous system has long preganglionic and short postganglionic?

A

parasympathetic

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8
Q

Which autonomic nervous system has short preganglionic and long postganglionic?

A

sympathetic

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9
Q

Which autonomic nervous system has large motor units (diffuse)?

A

sympathetic

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10
Q

Which autonomic nervous system has small motor units?

A

parasympathetic

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11
Q

What are the two long cords of collections of sympathetic nerves in the spinal cord? 1. What are the vertebrae that these are in line with? 2

A
  1. Intermedial-lateral cell column

2. T1-L2, S2, S3, S4)

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12
Q

Where does the central nerve of the autonomic systems come from and where does it go to?

A

From hypothalamus to preganglionic

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13
Q

What type of fiber is the preganglionic nerve fiber of the autonomic systems? 1. What is the location of their cell bodies for parasympathetic and sympathetic? 2

A
  1. Type B fiber

2. Brain stem (para) or lateral horn of spinal cord (sym or para)

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14
Q

What type of fiber is the postganglionic nerve fiber of the autonomic systems? 1. What is the location of their cell bodies for parasympathetic and sympathetic? 2

A
  1. Type C fiber

2. Gnaglion outside CNS (sym or para) or in wall of organ (some para)

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15
Q

Which autonomic nervous system is older phylogenically?

A

parasympathetic

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16
Q

For parasympathetic, what are the neurotransmitters that are present at the preganglionic synapse? 1. Postganglionic synapse? 2

A
  1. Acetylcholine

2. Acetylcholine

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17
Q

What is the cholinergic subset of receptors for parasympathetic preganglionic neurons?

A

Nicotinic (N Type)

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18
Q

What is the cholinergic subset of receptors for parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?

A

Muscarinic (M Type)

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19
Q

For sympathetic, what are the neurotransmitters that are present at the preganglionic synapse? 1. Postganglionic synapse when parasympathetic are not present? 2

A
  1. Acetylcholine (nicotinic)

2. Acetylcholine (nicotinic)

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20
Q

For sympathetic, what are the neurotransmitters that are present at the preganglionic synapse? 1. Postganglionic synapse when parasympathetic are present? 2

A
  1. Acetylcholine (nicotinic)

2. Norepinepherine (adrenergic)

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21
Q

What are the Adrenergic receptors (and what is their primary action)?

A
  1. Alpha 1 (constriction of smooth muscle)
  2. Alpha 2 (Inhibit NE release and inhibit Alpha 1 activity)
  3. Beta 1 (on cardiac muscle, inc contraction)
  4. Beta 2 (relaxation of smooth muscle)
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22
Q

What autonomic nervous system goes to the limbs?

A

sympathetic

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23
Q

What type of neurotransmitters are in most sweat glands and arector pili muscles?

A

cholinergic (muscarinic)

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24
Q

What type of neurotransmitters are in sweat glands of palms and soles?

A

adrenergic

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25
Q

What type of neurotransmitters are in the blood vessels of skin?

A

adrenergic Alpha 1

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26
Q

What type of neurotransmitters are in the majority in the blood vessels of skeletal muscle?

A

adrenergic Beta 2

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27
Q

What type of neurotransmitters are in the minority in the blood vessels of skeletal muscle? 1. What does this neurotransmitter cause an increase of? 2. And what does this cause? 3

A
  1. cholinergic
  2. NO
  3. dilation
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28
Q

What are examples of sympathomimetics (and direct or indirect)?

A
  1. Phenylepherine (direct)
  2. Hydroxyamphetamine (indirect)
  3. Cocaine (indirect)
  4. Aproclonidine (direct)
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29
Q

What is a sympathomimetic that acts as an agonist on the receptor of muscles to dilate the eye? 1. What are the benefits of this dilator? 2. What are the negatives? 3

A
  1. Phenylepherine
  2. Affected for shorter time and doesn’t affect near vision
  3. Not good for dark iris’
30
Q

Which sympathomimetic blocks active reuptake?

A

Hydroxyamphetamine

31
Q

Which sympathomimetic cause release of NorE?

A

Cocaine

32
Q

Which sympathomimetic acts on Alpha 1 and Alpha 2, and is a treatment for glaucoma?

A

Aproclonidine

33
Q

What are examples of sympatholytics?

A

Beta Blockers

34
Q

What is the action of a Beta 1 Blocker on the heart?

A

Acts on cardiac myocytes to slow heart rate and decrease force of contraction

35
Q

What are examples of parasympathomimetics (and direct or indirect)?

A

Pilocarpine (direct)

36
Q

What are examples of parasympatholytics (and direct or indirect)?

A
  1. Tropicamide (direct)
  2. Cyclopentolate (direct)
  3. Atropine (direct)
37
Q

What is the treatment for glaucoma that increases the tone of the ciliary body to increase aqueous outflow?

A

Pilocarpine

38
Q

Which parasympatholytic works mostly on the sphincter (and some on ciliary body muscle) to dilate the eye? 1. What are the benefits of this dilator? 2. What are the negatives? 3

A
  1. Tropicamide
  2. works on darker iris’
  3. blocks accommodation for short period of time
39
Q

Which parasympatholytic works mostly on the ciliary body muscle (and some on sphincter) to dilate the eye? 1. What are the negatives of this dilator? 2.

A
  1. Cyclopentolate

2. Causes cylcoplesia

40
Q

Which parasympatholytic works by completely shutting down the ciliary body muscle to dilate the eye? 1. What are the benefits of this dilator? 2. What are the negatives? 3

A
  1. Atropine
  2. Best dilator
  3. Decreases saliva, turn red, warm, and crazy because you see things
41
Q

Where does the intermediolateral cell column run?

A

lateral horn of the spinal cord

42
Q

What does the preganglionic sympathetic nerve pass through in order to get to the sympathetic trunk?

A

Ventral root then through white ramus

43
Q

What are the corresponding vertebrae for the that have white rami present?

A

T1-L2

44
Q

Where do each of the following sympathetic cell body locations project to?

  1. T1 and T2
  2. T1-T4
  3. T2-T6
  4. T6-L2
  5. L1-L2/3
  6. T2-T5
A
  1. eye
  2. head/neck
  3. heart
  4. abdominal organs
  5. urinary
  6. lungs
45
Q

How many sympathetic ganglia are there in the cervical area (and what are there names)?

A

3 (inferior, middle, inferior)

46
Q

How many white rami are there? 1. How many grey rami are there? 2

A
  1. 14

2. 31

47
Q

Where do the sympathetic preganglionic branches that go to the thoracic organs go to once in the sympathetic trunk?

A

Ascends to three cervical ganglia and upper four thoracic ganglia to synapse

48
Q

What do the sympathetic postganglionic branches to the thoracic organs leave the sympathetic trunk as?

A

cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

49
Q

What ganglia is the superior cardiac nerve from?

A

superior cervical ganglia

50
Q

What ganglia is the middle cardiac nerve from?

A

middle cervical ganglia

51
Q

What ganglia is the inferior cardiac nerve from?

A

inferior, T1 and T2 cervical ganglia

52
Q

If the inferior cervical ganglion and the the T1 cervical ganglion fuse what is it called?

A

Stellate ganglion

53
Q

What does activation of Beta 1 receptors lead to in the heart?

A

Increase heart rate and force of contraction

54
Q

What does activation of Beta 2 receptors lead to in the lungs?

A

bronchiole dilation

55
Q

Where do the sympathetic preganglionic branches that go to the abdominal organs go to once in the sympathetic trunk?

A

Pass through trunk without synapsing and continue to prevertebral ganglia

56
Q

What are the nerves of the sympathetic that leave the prevertebral ganglia and are heading to the abdominal organs called? 1. Individual names? 2

A
  1. splanchnic nerves

2. greater, lesser, and lowest (or lumbar)

57
Q

What do postganglionic nerves use as neurotransmitters?

A

NorE

58
Q

What type of receptors are the sympathetic to blood vessels of viscera in abdominal region?

A

Alpha 1

59
Q

What are the ganglia associated with the abdominal sympathetic nervous system?

A
  1. celiac ganglion
  2. superior mesenteric ganglion
  3. inferior mesenteric ganglion
  4. hypogastric ganglion
60
Q

What is the subset of cell bodies of T1 and T2 that innervate the head and eye?

A

Ciliospinal Nucleus of Budge

61
Q

Where do the sympathetic preganglionic branches that go to the head, neck, and eye go to once in the sympathetic trunk?

A

Ascend to synapse in the superior cervical ganglion only

62
Q

If the right superior cervical ganglion is crushed what would result? 1. What is this called? 2

A
  1. Lose all sympathetic to face, head, eye. Also lose some sympathetic to heart and dermatome of C2, C3, and C4
63
Q

What structure does the sympathetic preganglionic branch to the eye run under? 1. What does it run over in this same inferior-most area? 2. What does it run next to up the neck? 3

A
  1. Subclavian nerve/artery
  2. lung
  3. common carotid nerve/artery
64
Q

What is the track of the postganglionic sympathetic nerve to mullers muscle in the eye?

A
  1. Follow internal carotid
  2. Follow CN III
  3. Follow CN III superior
  4. Into mullers
65
Q

What is the track of the postganglionic sympathetic nerve to the back half of the eye (A) and the front half of the eye and dilator muscle (B)?

A
  1. Follow internal carotid
  2. Follow CN V1
  3. Follow nasociliary
  4. Follow short ciliary to back of eye (A)
  5. Follow long ciliary to front of eye and dilator (B)
66
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Horners?

A
  1. ptosis
  2. miosis
  3. anhydrosis (mostly with pregang.)
  4. enophthalmus (looks like b/c lid smaller)
  5. heterochromia (if born with it)
67
Q

What is another name for Horners?

A

Oculosympathetic Paresis

68
Q

What are the etiologies of oculosympathetic paresis (Horners) for the Central nerve?

A

Stroke/inflammation

69
Q

What are the etiologies of oculosympathetic paresis (Horners) for the Preganglionic nerve?

A
  1. Pancoast tumor (apex of lung)
  2. Metastatic breast cancer
  3. Neck injury
70
Q

A carotid dissection accounts for what percentage of all strokes? 1. What percentage of strokes for people <40? 2

A
  1. 2%

2. 25%

71
Q

What are the etiologies of oculosympathetic paresis (Horners) for the Postganglionic nerve (and what is its most common sign)?

A

Internal carotid aneurysm (cluster HA/migraine)

I. Neuroanatomy (18 decks)

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