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I. Neuroanatomy > Cerebrum -> Cerebral Hemispheres -> Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebrum -> Cerebral Hemispheres -> Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only sensory info that does not go through the thalamus?

A

olfacation

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2
Q

What structure of the diencephalon is a pineal body and midline structure?

A

Epithalamus

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3
Q

What does the embryonic telencephalon become once fully developed?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

What does the embryonic diencephalon become once fully developed?

A

thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus

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5
Q

What does the embryonic mesencephalon become once fully developed?

A

mesencephalon

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6
Q

What does the embryonic metencephalon become once fully developed?

A

pons and cerebellum

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7
Q

What does the embryonic myelencephalon become once fully developed?

A

medulla

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8
Q

What are the three ways to discuss the cortex?

A
  1. anatomical
  2. histological
  3. functional
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9
Q

What is a “hill” of the cortex called?

A

gyrus

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10
Q

What is a “valley” of the cortex called?

A

sulcus

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11
Q

What is a large “valley” of the cortex called?

A

fissure

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12
Q

What is the cerebral hemisphere divided into halves by?

A

longitudinal fissure

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13
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

central sulcus

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14
Q

What separates the frontal and temporal lobes?

A

lateral fissure

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15
Q

What is the frontal lobe divided into?

A
  1. precentral gyrus
  2. superior frontal gyrus
  3. middle frontal gyrus
  4. inferior frontal gyrus
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16
Q

What is the inferior frontal gyrus divided into?

A
  1. opercular
  2. triangular
  3. orbital gyrus
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17
Q

Which section of the frontal lobe is important for spoken language?

A

inferior frontal gyrus (esp opercular and triangular)

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18
Q

Which lobe is associated with processing where things are in space to interact with as well as orientation processing?

A

Parietal lobe

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19
Q

What are the sections of the parietal lobe?

A
  1. Postcentral gyrus
  2. Superior parietal lobule
  3. Inferior parietal lobule
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20
Q

What is the inferior parietal lobule divided into?

A
  1. supramarginal

2. angular

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21
Q

What are the sections of the parietal lobe that are c-shaped and involved in receptive language (what you are saying and what others are saying to you)?

A

Supramarginal and Angular

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22
Q

What are the sulci of the temporal lobe from the lateral view? 1. And what gyri do they divide the lobe into? 2

A
  1. superior temporal and inferior temporal

2. superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, and inferior temporal gyrus

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23
Q

Which gyrus(i) of the temporal lobe is involved in hearing?

A

superior temporal gyrus

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24
Q

Which gyrus(i) of the temporal lobe is involved in vision?

A
  1. middle temporal gyrus

2. inferior temporal gyrus

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25
Q

What lobe is involved in object recognition from memory?

A

temporal lobe

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26
Q

What are the gyri of the temporal lobe from the inferior view?

A
  1. inferior temporal gyrus
  2. lateral occipitotemporal
  3. medial occipitotemporal
  4. parahimpocampal
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27
Q

What is the anterior extremity of the Parahippocampal gyrus?

A

Uncus

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28
Q

From the medial view, what sulcus divides the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

parietooccipital sulcus

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29
Q

What sulcus divides the occipital lobe into two gyri? 1. What are those two gyri? 2

A
  1. calcarine sulcus

2. cuneus (superior) and lingual gyrus (inferior)

30
Q

What gyrus of the occipital lobe does info from the superior retina go into? 1. Inferior retina? 2

A
  1. cuneus

2. lingual gyrus

31
Q

What field is associated with the right cuneus?

A

bottom left

32
Q

What are the two cell types of the cortex?

A
  1. stellate (granular)

2. pyramidal

33
Q

Which cell type of the cortex is involved in input of info? 1. What do these cells have in abundance? 2

A
  1. stellate

2. dendrites

34
Q

Which cell type of the cortex is involved in output of info? 1. What is an important anatomical feature that these posses?

A
  1. pyramidal

2. large axon

35
Q

What are the most common cell type and relative size for each of the cortical layers: 1-6

A
  1. few cell bodies
  2. dense stellate cells and few pyramidal (INPUT)
  3. intermediate-sized pyramidal cells and loose stellate (OUTPUT)
  4. dense Stellate cells (INPUT)
  5. Very large pyramidal cells and few loose stellate (OUTPUT)
  6. variable sized pyramidal and loose stellate
36
Q

How many basal and apical dendrites do pyramidal cells have?

A

2 basal and 1 apical

37
Q

What type of white matter fibers connect one part of the hemisphere to another part of the same hemisphere?

A

Association fibers

38
Q

What type of white matter fibers connect one part of the cortex to another part of the cortex in a different hemisphere?

A

Commissural fibers

39
Q

What are the major commissural fiber areas?

A
  1. corpus callosum
  2. posterior commissure
  3. anterior commissure
40
Q

What type of white matter fibers connect the cortex to the thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord?

A

Projection fibers

41
Q

What are the primary examples of projection fibers?

A
  1. geniculocortical
  2. corticobulbar
  3. corticospinal
42
Q

What layer of the cortex has few cells and is thought to be the coordinating center where layer communicate action?

A

Layer 1 (Molecular layer)

43
Q

What layer of the cortex receives input form other cortical regions?

A

Layer 2 (External granular layer)

44
Q

What layer of the cortex sends output to other cortical regions?

A

Layer 3 (External pyramidal layer)

45
Q

Which layers of the cortex are involved in association and commissural fibers?

A

Layers 1 and 2

46
Q

What layer of the cortex receives input form the thalamus and other brainstem areas?

A

Layer 4 (Internal granular)

47
Q

Which layer of the cortex is very thick in sensory areas of cortex (including vision, auditory and somatosensory)?

A

Layer 4 (Internal granular)

48
Q

What is the line that forms in layer 4 is it is extremely thick?

A

stirate cortex

49
Q

What layer of the cortex sends axons to brainstem and spinal cord (projection fibers)?

A

Layer 5 (Internal Pyramidal)

50
Q

Which layer of the cortex is very thick in motor areas of cortex?

A

Layer 5 (Internal Pyramidal)

51
Q

What are giant pyramidal cells on precentral gyrus of the frontal cortex in layer 5 called?

A

Betz cells

52
Q

What layer of the cortex sends axons back to the thalamus?

A

Layer 6 (multiform layer)

53
Q

What layer of the cortex modulates what info thalamus sends to cortex, thereby modulating what you pay attentions to?

A

Layer 6 (multiform layer)

54
Q

What Brodmann area of the frontal lobe is the primary motor area? 1. What cortical layer is very thick here? 2

A
  1. area 4

2. layer 5

55
Q

What Brodmann area of the frontal lobe is the premotor area that helps to coordinate movements?

A

Area 6

56
Q

What Brodmann area of the frontal lobe is involved in the frontal eye field that goes to the brainstem?

A

Area 8

57
Q

What Brodmann areas of the frontal lobe are Broca’s areas? 1. What are these responsible for? 2

A
  1. Areas 44 (opercular) and 45 (triangular)

2. Language production

58
Q

If the amount of muscle fibers one nerve fiber controls increases then the amount of control increases or decreases?

A

Decreases

59
Q

What Brodmann areas of the parietal lobe is responsible for primary somatosensory? 1. What layer is the largest in these areas? 2

A
  1. Areas 3, 1, 2

2. Layer 4

60
Q

What Brodmann areas of the parietal lobe is Wernicke’s area?

A

Area 22 and parts of 39 and 40

61
Q

What Brodmann areas of the temporal lobe is responsible for primary auditory? 1. Where does it receive its information from? 2. Where does is send this information to? 3. Which layer is the thickest here? 4

A
  1. Area 41
  2. medial geniculate nucleus
  3. Area 42
  4. Layer 4
62
Q

What Brodmann areas of the temporal lobe is responsible for auditory association? 1. Where does it receive its information from? 2. Where does is send this information to? 3. Which layer is the thickest here? 4

A
  1. Area 42
  2. Area 41
  3. Area 22
  4. Layer 2
63
Q

What Brodmann areas of the temporal lobe is responsible for auditory association and is in the posterior part of Wernicke’s? 1. Where does it receive its information from? 2. If there is a lesion in this area what would the person have trouble doing? 3

A
  1. Area 22
  2. Area 42
  3. Processing language
64
Q

What Brodmann area has the thickest layer 4 in the brain?

A

Area 17

65
Q

What Brodmann area of the occipital lobe is involved in the primary vision cortex? 1. Where does it receive input from? 2

A
  1. Area 17

2. LGN

66
Q

What Brodmann area of the occipital lobe processes as very general lines of various orientations and circles of colors?

A

Area 17

67
Q

What Brodmann area of the occipital lobe is involved in the association vision cortex that receives input from 17? 1. And where does it lie in relation to area 17? 2

A
  1. Area 18

2. above and below

68
Q

What Brodmann area of the occipital lobe is involved in the association vision cortex that receives input from 18?

A

Area 19

69
Q

Two main outputs once vision is processed through the occipital lobe:

  1. where something is, orientation and guiding motor
  2. what object is
A
  1. parietal

2. temporal

70
Q

What is the term for someone who does not know what something is or what it is used for (damage from occipital to temporal)?

A

Agnosias

71
Q

What is it called when someone knows what it is but not the name for it?

A

anomia

72
Q

What is it called when someone cannot identify people by their face?

A

prospagnosia

I. Neuroanatomy (18 decks)

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