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I. Neuroanatomy > Nerves, Neuroglia, and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Nerves, Neuroglia, and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What type of neuron are motor neurons usually?

A

multipolar

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2
Q

What type of neuron are in the retina and are sensory usually?

A

bipolar

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3
Q

What type of neuron are sensory neurons usually?

A

unipolar

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4
Q

Where are the cell bodies (soma) of the CNS located?

A
  1. gray matter cortex
  2. gray matter spinal cord
  3. nuclei
  4. centers
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5
Q

Where are the cell bodies (soma) of the PNS located?

A

Ganglia (except basal ganglia and ganglion layer of retina)

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6
Q

Where are the cell processes (axon/dendrites) of the CNS located?

A
  1. capsules
  2. tracts (round bundle)
  3. lemnisci (ribbon, flat)
  4. columns (parallel with crossover)
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7
Q

What are the support cells of CNS? And what is their embryonic origin?

A
  1. Astroglia, microglia, and oligodendroglia

2. neural tube

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8
Q

What are the support cells of PNS? And what is their embryonic origin?

A
  1. Schwann cells

2. neural crest

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9
Q

What are the six functions of astrocytes?

A
  1. Shape of CNS
  2. Maintain ionic homeostasis of interstitial space
  3. glutamate removal
  4. blood brain barrier
  5. gliosis (brain “scar”)
  6. astroglioma formation
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10
Q

What is the most common primary brain tumor and is benign?

A

astroglioma

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11
Q

Which neuroglial cells is involved in the immune system of the brain?

A

microglia

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12
Q

Which neuroglial cells make myelin for cranial nerves I and II?

A

oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

Which neuroglial cells make myelin for cranial nerves III through XII?

A

Schwann cells

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14
Q

What autoimmune disease that attacks oligodendrocyte-made myelin?

A

multiple sclerosis

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15
Q

What are the two types of multiple sclerosis?

A
  1. Relapsing Remitting

2. Primary progressive

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16
Q

Where are the locations of classic CNS plaques in patients that have MS?

A
  1. paraventricular
  2. juxtacortical
  3. infratentorial
  4. spinal cord
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17
Q

What is the bundle of CNS that connects CN III, IV, VI and the vestibular nuclei and is often affect by MS?

A

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF)

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18
Q

What method is used to diagnose relapsing remitting MS?

A

MacDonald Criterion

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19
Q

What is the old MacDonald criterion to diagnose relapsing remitting MS? 1. What is the new criterion? 2.

A
  1. Two lesions disseminated in time and space

2. Two lesions disseminated in time and space with MRI showing non-contrasting old lesion vs contrastingnew

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20
Q

What type of MS is characterized by a fairly steady, gradual change in functional ability over time without any relapses?

A

Primary Progressive MS

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21
Q

What are the criterion to diagnose primary progressive MS?

A
  1. one year disease progression
    AND
  2. One of the following:
    - typical MS lesion
    - 2 or more lesions of similar type in spinal cord
    - evidence in spinal fluid of oligoclonal band or elevated IgG index
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22
Q

What is the most common place for optic neuritis?

A

retrobulbar space

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23
Q

What does optic neuritis usually present as?

A

acute onset vision loss in central acuity (usually unilateral)

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24
Q

What is the affect of the pupil enlarging in the affected eye with a patient with optic neuritis called?

A

Afferent Pupillary Defect (APD)

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25
Q

What position of the eyes is the most painful for a patient with optic neuritis? 1. What is the effect on lights and color? 2

A
  1. up and in

2. dimmer

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26
Q

What cells line the ventricles and are the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus (making the CSF)?

A

ependymal cells

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27
Q

What nerves are Schwann cells on?

A

All peripheral nerves and CN III-XII

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28
Q

What is the name of the wrapping of the Schwann cell around the nerve?

A

neruolemma

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29
Q

What is the DICT vascular sheath that wraps around each nerve on top of endolemma?

A

epineurium

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30
Q

What are bundles of motor or sensory fibers within a nerve called?

A

fascicles

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31
Q

What is each fascicle wrapped with that forms the blood nerve barrier?

A

Perineurium

32
Q

What is each nerve process wrapped with that is very delicate?

A

endoneurium

33
Q

What are the two horns of gray matter throughout the entire length of the spinal cord?

A
  1. ventral/anterior

2. dorsal/posterior

34
Q

Where is the lateral horn of gray matter of the spinal cord located along the spinal cord (and what type cell bodies does each of the sections contain)?

A
  1. T1-L2 (sympathetic)

2. S2-S4 (parasympathetic)

35
Q

What are the funiculi of the white matter?

A
  1. dorsal funiculus
  2. ventral funiculus
  3. right lateral funiculus
  4. left lateral funiculus
36
Q

What are the two sections of the dorsal funiculus (and where do each of them get their input)?

A
  1. Fasciculus gracilus (legs, more medial in spinal cord)

2. Fasciculus cuneatus (arms, more lateral in sp)

37
Q

What spinal cord projections are associated with the fasciculus cutaneous?

A

T1 to C5

38
Q

If you were to push lateral from gray matter into the dorsal funiculus which section and corresponding body parts would be affected first?

A

Fasciculus and arms

39
Q

When the ventral and dorsal roots come together what do they form?

A

spinal nerve

40
Q

What does the spinal nerve divide into coming out of the spinal cord?

A

ventral and dorsal primary rami

41
Q

What nerves have a gray ramus coming off of the spinal nerve? 1. A white ramus? 2

A
  1. all nerves

2. T1 - L2

42
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk off of the spinal nerve?

A

ramus communicans

43
Q

What innervates the muscles and skin right over and around the vertebrae?

A

dorsal primary rumus

44
Q

What innervates most of the muscles and skin of the body?

A

ventral primary ramus

45
Q

Where are the sympathetic nerve cell bodies located?

A

sympathetic (paravertebral) ganglion

46
Q

What type of peripheral nerve classification includes GSE, SVE, GVE, etc.?

A

function

47
Q

What type of peripheral nerve classification includes A, B, and C?

A

conduction velocity

48
Q

What type of peripheral nerve classification includes I, II, III, IV?

A

fiber diameter

49
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with motor to skeletal muscle of somite origin?

A

General Somatic Efferent (GSE or SE)

50
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with exteroreceptors (pain, temp, touch, discrimination) and proprioception of all skeletal muscle?

A

General Somatic Afferent (GSA)

51
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with motor to smooth, cardiac, some glands, and autonomic system?

A

General Visceral Efferent (GVE)

52
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with sensory from internal organs (BP, pO2, AA’s in stomach)?

A

General Visceral Afferent (GVA)

53
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with motor to skeletal muscle of branchial arch origin?

A

Special Visceral Efferent (SVE)

54
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with taste and smell?

A

Special Visceral Afferent (SVA)

55
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with hearing and vision?

A

Special Somatic Afferent (SSA)

56
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber types does every spinal nerve carry?

A
  1. GSE
  2. GSA
  3. GVE
  4. GVA
57
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with CN I?

A

SVA

58
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN II?

A

SSA

59
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN III?

A

GSE and GVE

60
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN IV?

A

GSE

61
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN V?

A

GSA and SVE

62
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN VI?

A

GSE

63
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN VII?

A

SVE, GSA, GVE, and SVA

64
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN VIII?

A

SSA

65
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN IX?

A

SVE, GVE, GSA, GVA, SVA

66
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN X?

A

SVE, GVE, GSA, GVA, SVA

67
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN XI?

A

SVE

68
Q

What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN XII?

A

GSE

69
Q

What are fibers that move muscle called?

A

extrafusal

70
Q

What consists of one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it stimulates?

A

a motor unit

71
Q

What muscle fibers monitor how long or short the muscle is?

A

muscle spindles

72
Q

What type of muscle fibers are muscle spindles (function and fiber diameter)?

A

GSA and Ia

73
Q

During the spinal reflex arc which muscle fiber sends info out of the muscle and which sends it to the muscle?

A

Ia to muscle, Aα out

74
Q

What does the activation of an A gamma cause the intrafusal muscle to do?

A

contract, stretching the muscle spindle without changing the length of the muscle

75
Q

What controls the intrafusal muscles in the leg?

A

cerebellum (muscle tone)

76
Q

What type of nerve fiber is associated with the golgi tendon organ fibers?

A

Ib

I. Neuroanatomy (18 decks)

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