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I. Neuroanatomy > Nerves, Neuroglia, and Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Nerves, Neuroglia, and Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What type of neuron are motor neurons usually?

A

multipolar

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2
Q

What type of neuron are in the retina and are sensory usually?

A

bipolar

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3
Q

What type of neuron are sensory neurons usually?

A

unipolar

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4
Q

Where are the cell bodies (soma) of the CNS located?

A
  1. gray matter cortex
  2. gray matter spinal cord
  3. nuclei
  4. centers
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5
Q

Where are the cell bodies (soma) of the PNS located?

A

Ganglia (except basal ganglia and ganglion layer of retina)

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6
Q

Where are the cell processes (axon/dendrites) of the CNS located?

A
  1. capsules
  2. tracts (round bundle)
  3. lemnisci (ribbon, flat)
  4. columns (parallel with crossover)
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7
Q

What are the support cells of CNS? And what is their embryonic origin?

A
  1. Astroglia, microglia, and oligodendroglia

2. neural tube

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8
Q

What are the support cells of PNS? And what is their embryonic origin?

A
  1. Schwann cells

2. neural crest

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9
Q

What are the six functions of astrocytes?

A
  1. Shape of CNS
  2. Maintain ionic homeostasis of interstitial space
  3. glutamate removal
  4. blood brain barrier
  5. gliosis (brain “scar”)
  6. astroglioma formation
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10
Q

What is the most common primary brain tumor and is benign?

A

astroglioma

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11
Q

Which neuroglial cells is involved in the immune system of the brain?

A

microglia

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12
Q

Which neuroglial cells make myelin for cranial nerves I and II?

A

oligodendrocytes

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13
Q

Which neuroglial cells make myelin for cranial nerves III through XII?

A

Schwann cells

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14
Q

What autoimmune disease that attacks oligodendrocyte-made myelin?

A

multiple sclerosis

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15
Q

What are the two types of multiple sclerosis?

A
  1. Relapsing Remitting

2. Primary progressive

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16
Q

Where are the locations of classic CNS plaques in patients that have MS?

A
  1. paraventricular
  2. juxtacortical
  3. infratentorial
  4. spinal cord
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17
Q

What is the bundle of CNS that connects CN III, IV, VI and the vestibular nuclei and is often affect by MS?

A

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF)

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18
Q

What method is used to diagnose relapsing remitting MS?

A

MacDonald Criterion

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19
Q

What is the old MacDonald criterion to diagnose relapsing remitting MS? 1. What is the new criterion? 2.

A
  1. Two lesions disseminated in time and space

2. Two lesions disseminated in time and space with MRI showing non-contrasting old lesion vs contrastingnew

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20
Q

What type of MS is characterized by a fairly steady, gradual change in functional ability over time without any relapses?

A

Primary Progressive MS

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21
Q

What are the criterion to diagnose primary progressive MS?

A
  1. one year disease progression
    AND
  2. One of the following:
    - typical MS lesion
    - 2 or more lesions of similar type in spinal cord
    - evidence in spinal fluid of oligoclonal band or elevated IgG index
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22
Q

What is the most common place for optic neuritis?

A

retrobulbar space

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23
Q

What does optic neuritis usually present as?

A

acute onset vision loss in central acuity (usually unilateral)

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24
Q

What is the affect of the pupil enlarging in the affected eye with a patient with optic neuritis called?

A

Afferent Pupillary Defect (APD)

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25
What position of the eyes is the most painful for a patient with optic neuritis? 1. What is the effect on lights and color? 2
1. up and in | 2. dimmer
26
What cells line the ventricles and are the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus (making the CSF)?
ependymal cells
27
What nerves are Schwann cells on?
All peripheral nerves and CN III-XII
28
What is the name of the wrapping of the Schwann cell around the nerve?
neruolemma
29
What is the DICT vascular sheath that wraps around each nerve on top of endolemma?
epineurium
30
What are bundles of motor or sensory fibers within a nerve called?
fascicles
31
What is each fascicle wrapped with that forms the blood nerve barrier?
Perineurium
32
What is each nerve process wrapped with that is very delicate?
endoneurium
33
What are the two horns of gray matter throughout the entire length of the spinal cord?
1. ventral/anterior | 2. dorsal/posterior
34
Where is the lateral horn of gray matter of the spinal cord located along the spinal cord (and what type cell bodies does each of the sections contain)?
1. T1-L2 (sympathetic) | 2. S2-S4 (parasympathetic)
35
What are the funiculi of the white matter?
1. dorsal funiculus 2. ventral funiculus 3. right lateral funiculus 4. left lateral funiculus
36
What are the two sections of the dorsal funiculus (and where do each of them get their input)?
1. Fasciculus gracilus (legs, more medial in spinal cord) | 2. Fasciculus cuneatus (arms, more lateral in sp)
37
What spinal cord projections are associated with the fasciculus cutaneous?
T1 to C5
38
If you were to push lateral from gray matter into the dorsal funiculus which section and corresponding body parts would be affected first?
Fasciculus and arms
39
When the ventral and dorsal roots come together what do they form?
spinal nerve
40
What does the spinal nerve divide into coming out of the spinal cord?
ventral and dorsal primary rami
41
What nerves have a gray ramus coming off of the spinal nerve? 1. A white ramus? 2
1. all nerves | 2. T1 - L2
42
What is the sympathetic trunk off of the spinal nerve?
ramus communicans
43
What innervates the muscles and skin right over and around the vertebrae?
dorsal primary rumus
44
What innervates most of the muscles and skin of the body?
ventral primary ramus
45
Where are the sympathetic nerve cell bodies located?
sympathetic (paravertebral) ganglion
46
What type of peripheral nerve classification includes GSE, SVE, GVE, etc.?
function
47
What type of peripheral nerve classification includes A, B, and C?
conduction velocity
48
What type of peripheral nerve classification includes I, II, III, IV?
fiber diameter
49
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with motor to skeletal muscle of somite origin?
General Somatic Efferent (GSE or SE)
50
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with exteroreceptors (pain, temp, touch, discrimination) and proprioception of all skeletal muscle?
General Somatic Afferent (GSA)
51
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with motor to smooth, cardiac, some glands, and autonomic system?
General Visceral Efferent (GVE)
52
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with sensory from internal organs (BP, pO2, AA's in stomach)?
General Visceral Afferent (GVA)
53
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with motor to skeletal muscle of branchial arch origin?
Special Visceral Efferent (SVE)
54
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with taste and smell?
Special Visceral Afferent (SVA)
55
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with hearing and vision?
Special Somatic Afferent (SSA)
56
What functional peripheral nerve fiber types does every spinal nerve carry?
1. GSE 2. GSA 3. GVE 4. GVA
57
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type is associated with CN I?
SVA
58
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN II?
SSA
59
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN III?
GSE and GVE
60
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN IV?
GSE
61
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN V?
GSA and SVE
62
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN VI?
GSE
63
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN VII?
SVE, GSA, GVE, and SVA
64
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN VIII?
SSA
65
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN IX?
SVE, GVE, GSA, GVA, SVA
66
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN X?
SVE, GVE, GSA, GVA, SVA
67
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN XI?
SVE
68
What functional peripheral nerve fiber type(s) is associated with CN XII?
GSE
69
What are fibers that move muscle called?
extrafusal
70
What consists of one motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it stimulates?
a motor unit
71
What muscle fibers monitor how long or short the muscle is?
muscle spindles
72
What type of muscle fibers are muscle spindles (function and fiber diameter)?
GSA and Ia
73
During the spinal reflex arc which muscle fiber sends info out of the muscle and which sends it to the muscle?
Ia to muscle, Aα out
74
What does the activation of an A gamma cause the intrafusal muscle to do?
contract, stretching the muscle spindle without changing the length of the muscle
75
What controls the intrafusal muscles in the leg?
cerebellum (muscle tone)
76
What type of nerve fiber is associated with the golgi tendon organ fibers?
Ib

I. Neuroanatomy (18 decks)

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