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ANS 1 > Swine > Flashcards

Swine Flashcards

1
Q

Class

A
  • Mammalia
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2
Q

Order

A
  • Artiodactyla
  • even-toed hooves
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3
Q

Family

A
  • Suidae
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4
Q

Genus

A
  • Sus
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5
Q

Domesticated Pig

A
  • Sus scrofa
  • subspecies called Sus scrofa domesticus
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6
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • 38 chromosomes
  • 19 pair
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7
Q

Domestication

A
  • early on, around time of sheep domestication
  • 8000 BC
  • separate domestication in E Asia and the Middle East (?)
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8
Q

Global Number

A
  • 1B
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9
Q

China

A
  • majority of pigs - 460M
  • China lost half of its pigs to African swine fever
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10
Q

US Number

A
  • 60-70 M pigs
  • avg 66M pigs
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11
Q

Annual US Production

A
  • 115M pigs
  • short generation time of pigs
  • at any given time, 60M pigs, but there are animals sent to market
  • dynamic; numbers change rapidly, unlike cattle which take years to grow up and get into production
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12
Q

Other Countries

A
  • Brazil: 40+M pigs
  • Germany/Europe: 27M
  • Russia: 17M pigs
  • most countries have their own pork production that is consumed domestically usually
  • export of pork is less common
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13
Q

US Regions of Pork Production

A
  • Midwest because corn and soy is grown there, which is the main protein/food source for pigs
  • Iowa: 20M pigs
  • NC: 10M
  • Minnesota: 8M
  • Illinois: 5M
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14
Q

Pig Farm Consolidation in US

A
  • 60-70% of pigs are from 5000+ hog herd farms
  • economy of scale
  • pig farms are getting bigger and more large-scale
  • pigs raised in barns bcs bad at temp regulation
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15
Q

Boar

A
  • male uncastrated pig
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16
Q

Sow

A
  • mature female
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17
Q

Barrow

A
  • castrated male
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18
Q

Hog

A
  • market pig above 50 kg
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19
Q

Gilt

A
  • young female before first birth
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20
Q

Piglet

A
  • young, milk-fed pig
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21
Q

Farrowing

A
  • giving birth
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22
Q

Social Structure

A
  • group or sounder
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23
Q

Dental Formula

A
  • 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3
  • pigs are omnivores
  • premolars might be really sharp
  • break baby needle teeth to avoid them chewing on each other’s tails and from shredding teats
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24
Q

GI Tract

A
  • true monogastric
  • nutrient absorption in small intestine
  • water absorption in large intestine
  • coiled colon
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25
Q

Pork

A
  • red meat
  • low levels of myoglobin, which binds oxygen, so meat looks paler
  • sold as white meat to compete with poultry industry
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26
Q

Female Puberty

A
  • 5-7 mo
  • 100 kg
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27
Q

Estrous Cycle

A
  • 21 days
  • polyestrous
28
Q

Uterus

A
  • bicornuate uterus
  • extra long uterine horns because whole litter needs room to sit inside the uterus
29
Q

Placenta

A
  • diffuse, like mares
30
Q

PG 600

A
  • hormone injection
  • gonadotropin that releases FSH and LH to initiate onset of follicle formation in the ovary
  • can induce ovary to start cycling
  • used to synchronize sow heat cycles
31
Q

Lutalyze

A
  • injection that lyses the corpus luteum from being functional at certain time
  • resets estrous cycle and has them all resynchronize to get ovulation at the same time
32
Q

Matrix

A
  • ingested like oral contraceptive
  • mimics progesterone
  • suppresses ovulation while eating it; when they stop, they start ovulating several days later
33
Q

AI Success

A
  • if she’s in heat 21 days after insemination, she didn’t get pregnant
  • if pregnant, do ultrasound 30-60 days after breeding
34
Q

Boar Penis

A
  • fibrous; sigmoid flexure like boar and ram to extend penis
  • corkscrew penis that locks into cervix of female for prolonged ejaculation
35
Q

Ejaculation

A
  • 5-15 mins
  • 150-300 mL ejaculate
  • 30-60B spermatozoa per ejaculate
  • need large volume of ejaculate to make it up uterine horn
36
Q

Testes

A
  • 750 g
  • external because pigs are bad at temperature regulation
  • need to keep testes cool
  • cool blood flows through because heating of spermatozoa can damage/kill it
37
Q

AI Method

A
  • most pigs in US bred by AI
  • boars hump something like stallions’ phantom
  • you stimulate the boar and then collect ejaculate for 5-15 mins in a container
  • inspect sperm morphology, motility, life, etc., once collected
  • put into aliquot tube to deliver into catheter that locks into cervix
  • semen is fresh and cooled for optimal viability
  • 1 boar per 20 females in natural service
  • 1 boar per 50 females in AI
  • keep boars on farm to collect semen and detect heat
38
Q

Generation Interval

A
  • short
  • gilt bred by 6 mo
  • 114 day pregnancy
  • generation interval of 10-11 mo
39
Q

Genetic Gain

A
  • when you select individuals for genetic advantage, shorter generation interval means increased genetic gains
  • can select best ones out of F1 generation
  • faster in swine than in cattle
40
Q

Lactation Period

A
  • 21 days
  • lactational anestrus (does not ovulate until weaned)
41
Q

Litters

A
  • 2.2/yr
  • allows you to market more pigs per year
  • greater ability to realize genetic gain
  • operational efficiency
42
Q

Farrowing

A
  • 18-21 piglets
  • 12-14 teats, so might need to cross-foster for colostrum delivery
  • injection of oxytocin for muscle contraction of myometrium
  • oxytocin is the “quick birth hormone”
43
Q

Myometrium

A
  • muscular layer of the uterus involved in contractions
44
Q

Farrowing Crates

A
  • sometimes stalls for a bit more freedom
  • with more sow maneuverability, greater risk of pig mortality
45
Q

Heritability (H^2)

A
  • (variance in genotype) / (variance in phenotype)
  • fraction or proportion btwn 0-1
  • how much of phenotypic variance is genetic vs. environmental
  • high heritability means next generation will likely have same trait
  • lowest heritability = litter survival to weaning (5%)
  • high heritability = backfat thickness (40%)
46
Q

Backfat Thickness

A
  • 40% (high) heritability
  • quantitative trait
  • thickness of fat under skin and btwn skin and muscle layer across back/top of ribs
  • use ultrasound to measure in live animals
  • measure thickness in carcass and backtrack to the sire or dam of that pig and breed more of those offspring
47
Q

Litter Size

A
  • can select for more offspring
  • quantitative trait
48
Q

Growth Rate

A
  • measure thru dorsus longissimus muscle (loin muscle)
  • loin muscle tends to be long and skinny
  • loin eye area = cross section of loin muscle
  • larger loin eye area = expect all muscle groups of that animal to be larger
  • want max growth rate –> max feed efficiency –> max feed conversion ratio (amt fed/amt gain)
49
Q

Feed Conversion Ratio of Pigs

A
  • 5 kg of feed = 1 kg of meat
50
Q

Terminal Sire

A
  • permanently ending that genetic combo
  • the offspring of a terminal sire go straight to market; no further breeding of F1 gen because the heterozygous genotype would lose the purity of the breed
  • keep up pure genetic lines for breeding, just like with dairy
  • Duroc boar is terminal sire for market pigs
51
Q

Heterosis

A
  • hybrid vigor
52
Q

Undesirable Traits

A
  • too much fatness (leads to less energy for growth, incr dystocia, infrequent estrous cycle
  • HAL (halothane) gene)
53
Q

Halothane (HAL) Gene

A
  • this one boar had really fast-growing piglets, so used to breed a lot
  • piglets had porcine stress syndrome (PSS) – seizing, convulsing, flushed
  • had been selecting for animals w/ mutation in ryanodine receptor gene, so muscles didn’t function properly under stress
  • animals would have pale, soft, exudative (PSE) meat – carcasses of no use
  • mutation of allele spread throughout swine population
  • exposed pigs to halothane (anesthetic gas)
  • pigs w/ stress response of convulsions had PSS and the HAL gene (looked at phenotype to determine genotype)
  • PSS is recessive-inherited
54
Q

Piglet Processing

A
  • clip tail
  • iron dextran injection for immunity
  • clip needle teeth (avoid teat damage)
  • castrating to avoid boar taint from hormones
  • ear notching (1, 3, 9, 27, 81 - to cover whole scale)
  • may administer antibiotics, especially for scours, but not very common; might vaccinate
55
Q

Scours

A
  • diarrhea
  • might use antibiotics preventatively, but less common
  • use antibiotics less to avoid drug resistance increasing in bacteria/virus pops
  • animal industry using antibiotics impacts human population
  • might vaccinate for scours instead
56
Q

Nursing

A
  • piglets nursed hourly
  • sows synch feeding behavior
  • sows lay down, grunt
  • piglets stimulate teats –> release oxytocin –> milk letdown
  • different feeding from dairy calves, who are separated from their mother and nursed w/ a bottle
57
Q

Creep Feed

A
  • supplemental solid food to get piglets’ digestive system enhanced so once weaned (18-21 days old), they can eat solid food in nursery
  • weaning is one of the most stressful periods for young animal (separated from mother, weaned off milk)
  • greater chance of disease, drop in growth with weaning
  • minimize stress in transition w/ creep feed
58
Q

Number of Pigs Weaned Per Litter

A
  • can select for greater live litter sizes, but also need to select for sows who wean most of the piglets produced
  • mothering ability (if poor, less milk production)
  • preweaning causes of death: sows crushing piglets (minimized by farrowing crates), poor temp regulation (use heat lamps)
59
Q

Nursery

A
  • 8 weeks spent in nursery (until 11 weeks old)
  • enrichment (to avoid fighting among group-housed littermates –> more fighting = less growth)
  • optimize feed for growth
60
Q

Piglet Feed

A
  • muscle growth requires protein to build myosin and actin
  • need amino acids (soy, corn), especially lysine
  • high-protein diet
  • need Ca and P for bone growth
  • need energy (ad libitum supply of feed)
61
Q

Growing and Finishing

A
  • next 3-4 mo after nursery
  • to make animal meet market reqs
  • just enough fat for taste (optimize fat ratio w/ diet)
  • ad libitum feed, but not excess fat
  • feeding diet that has 3300 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy
62
Q

Aflatoxins

A
  • can contaminate feed if feed gets wet and pathogens populate it
  • these toxins decrease growth, can lead to abortions
63
Q

Pig Market Weight

A
  • 110 kg (220-250 lbs)
  • 66% dressing percentage
64
Q

Dressing Percentage

A
  • how much of its overall body weight is the carcass = body less the viscera (digestive and reproductive system) and extremities
  • (carcass)/(live weight) = dressing percentage
  • live weight of animal can differ
  • gut fill – food in the stomach
  • water (body) – amount of water in body
  • rumen in ruminant can take so much fluid – big change
65
Q

Housing - Enclosed Structures

A
  • lot of pigs are raised in Midwest in enclosed structures
  • for climate control (because pigs are bad at temp reg)
  • biosecurity (shower in, shower out – why African swine fever didn’t get into US)
66
Q

Farrow to Finish Operation

A
  • sows to nursery to finishing
67
Q

Farrowing in One Farm to Nursery in Another Farm to Finishing in Another Farm

A
  • breaking up lifecycle allows amplification
  • nucleus herds (breeding farms) –> piglets –> sent to different ops
  • becoming a bit more common
  • allows genetic gain and limits disease spread

ANS 1 (21 decks)

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