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ANS 1 > Horses > Flashcards

Horses Flashcards

1
Q

Class

A
  • Mammalia
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2
Q

Order

A
  • Perissodactyla
  • odd-toed ungulate
  • hooved animals w/ single hoof
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3
Q

Family

A
  • Equidae
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4
Q

Genus

A
  • Equus
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5
Q

Domesticated Horse Species

A
  • Equus caballus
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6
Q

Donkey Species Name

A
  • Equus asinus
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7
Q

Domesticated Horse Chromosome Number

A
  • 64 chromosomes (32 pairs)
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8
Q

Domestication

A
  • horses evolved as a species 1M years ago on North American continent, migrated to Asia, land bridge disappeared, and became unique population on Asia because they were extinct in North America
  • 3000 BC domestication in Mongolia and or in the Middle East
  • probably had multiple domestication events around the world at the same time
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9
Q

Gunrock

A
  • part of infantry group that came to Davis
  • Gunrock was thoroughbred stallion and stud at UCD
  • sired 400+ foals
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10
Q

Stallion

A
  • male horse
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11
Q

Mare

A
  • mature female horse
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12
Q

Gelding

A
  • castrated male Equus
  • act of castration is also called gelding
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13
Q

Foal

A
  • young horse
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14
Q

Filly

A
  • young female < 3yrs
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15
Q

Colt

A
  • young male
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16
Q

Foaling

A
  • process of giving birth
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17
Q

Harem

A
  • social structure of horse herds
  • one stallion, group of mares
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18
Q

Feral Horse

A
  • wild horses like mustangs or brumbies
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19
Q

Donkeys

A
  • Equus asinus
  • 62 chromosomes
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20
Q

Jack

A
  • male donkey
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21
Q

Jenny/Jennet

A
  • female donkey
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22
Q

Mules

A
  • male donkey x female horse (jack x mare)
  • 63 chromosomes
  • infertile
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23
Q

Hinny

A
  • stallion x jenny
  • 63 chromosomes
  • sterile
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24
Q

John

A
  • male mule
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25
Q

Molly

A
  • female mule
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26
Q

Zebra

A
  • Equus zebra
  • range of species w/ 32-46 chromosomes
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27
Q

Zebroid

A
  • horse x zebra
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28
Q

Zonkey

A
  • male zebra x female donkey
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29
Q

Zedonk

A
  • male donkey x female zebra
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30
Q

Zorse

A
  • male horse x female zebra
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31
Q

Hebra

A
  • male horse x female zebra
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32
Q

Global Count of Horses

A
  • 58-60M
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33
Q

US Count

A
  • 9M
  • these numbers don’t come from Dept of Ag like they do for livestock bcs horses aren’t big ag animals
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34
Q

CA Count

A
  • 2nd largest pop in US
  • 700,000 total
  • 30,000 Thoroughbreds
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35
Q

TX Count

A
  • 1M horses
  • highest number of horses in US
  • mostly quarter horses for competition
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36
Q

FL Count

A
  • 0.5M
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37
Q

Kentucky

A
  • mostly Thoroughbreds for racing and breeding
  • also brood mares (racing breeding pool heavily located here)
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38
Q

Quarter Horse

A
  • most popular breed in US
  • 3M+ in US
  • very fast over quarter of a mile
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39
Q

Thoroughbred

A
  • 2nd most popular breed in US
  • origin in Europe
  • racing
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40
Q

Economic Value

A
  • direct: $40B/yr
  • indirect: $100+B
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41
Q

Activities

A
  • 40+% horses are recreational (riding, showing)
  • 10% for racing
  • 850,000 racing in US
  • racing generates over $1B for CA ($13B US)
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42
Q

Kentucky Derby

A
  • only for 3yo horses
  • male horses can’t race in female races
  • females can race in male races
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43
Q

Thoroughbred Birthdays

A
  • N Hem: Jan 1st
  • S Hem: Aug 1st
  • need to be able to compare ages from same time of year
  • a lot of effort into breeding
  • KY: lights on in barn full of mares in Jan
  • use light to manipulate breeding cycle (induce ovulation and estrus)
  • foals born in Feb have month’s disadvantage compared to those born in Jan
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44
Q

Gestation Length

A
  • 330 days (320-340)
  • if target is Jan 1st bday, need to be impregnated by Feb 1st (why lights on in barn in Jan)
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45
Q

Seasonally Polyestrous Long Day Breeders

A
  • multiple cycles starting in spring and cycling thru summer
  • if not cycling, they are in period of anestrous in fall and winter
  • opposite of sheep
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46
Q

Manipulating Cycle

A
  • Use of lights in KY to synchronize onset of cycle in long day breeder
  • lights in Jan/Feb so they start cycling earlier than normal
  • then get pregnant so they foal close to Jan 1 (but not
    before).
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47
Q

Estrous Cycle Length

A
  • 18-21 days
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48
Q

Thoroughbred Breeding

A
  • has to be natural breeding (or live cover), not AI
  • restricts breeding because famous racing stallions produce valuable foals
  • using natural service limits the number of these foals – makes them rare and increases value
  • otherwise, AI would allow way more foals to be born
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49
Q

Activities

A
  • hunter jumper (obstacle course)
  • cutting (picking out cow in herd)
  • polo (horseback lacrosse)
  • harness racing (fast horse-and-cart race)
  • rodeo (industry; different events; question of animal rights and welfare)
  • used by police
  • used in forestry and logging
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50
Q

Olympic Events

A
  • show jumper
  • dressage
  • 3-day eventing (jumper + dressage + cross country)
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51
Q

Companion Animals

A
  • horses are 4th-most popular companion animals
  • can have service horse/pony
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52
Q

Menopause Research

A
  • horses used in studying how to increase hormone levels in menopausal women
  • hormones in mares’ urine are purified and put into pills for women
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53
Q

Donkey (Equus asinus)

A
  • 50,000 in US (and fewer mules)
  • 40-50M in China (used for food, medicine, and draft)
  • gel extract for medicine extremely valuable for Chinese economy
  • farmed and kept in confined areas like cattle
  • also used in Central/South America and E Eur (transport and draft, esp in harsh climates)
  • a lot of donkeys from Africa –> put clamp down on export so prices have gone up when they’re exported
  • over 12M mules in the world
54
Q

Horse Placenta

A
  • diffuse placenta
  • placenta can exchange nutrients and gases across the whole surface of the placenta
55
Q

Stallions

A
  • glandular penis (erect when mating)
  • can AI using artificial vagina to collect semen
  • can also use teaser mare in heat and have stallion mount her, then collect semen
  • phantom: stallion can be trained to mount that and then collect semen (safer for mare, stallion, worker)
56
Q

Horse Semen

A
  • difficult to preserve and freeze, unlike bull and ram semen
  • horse semen usually shipped fresh after inspection (with some ingredients added to dilute and preserve the semen)
57
Q

Primary Feedstuff

A
  • forage (plant material)
  • hay is convenient for us, but natural grass and plant material if on pasture
  • supplements, concentrates, minerals
  • differing fat, protein, DM, and energy content
58
Q

Teeth

A
  • no soft palette on top jaw
  • horse teeth number can vary
  • mares typically don’t have canines
  • could have weird wolf teeth
59
Q

Dental Formula

A
  • 3/3, 1/1, 3(4)/3, 3/3
  • 1/1 = single canine (mostly only in males)
  • 3(4) is where there might be extra pre-molar wolf-tooth
  • total number of teeth varies btwn 36-44
60
Q

Dentition (Aging with Teeth)

A
  • first pair of incisors erupts at 2.5 years, 2nd at 3.5, 3rd at 4.5-5
  • canines erupt at 3.5-5 yrs?
  • full mouth at 5 yrs
61
Q

Galvaynes Groove

A
  • groove in teeth appears at 10 yrs, halfway down by 15, grows down all the way at 20 yrs, disappears at 30 yrs
  • used to age horses
62
Q

Cups

A
  • depression in top of teeth
  • present in young horse
  • as teeth wear, cups disappear because they are worn down
63
Q

Angle of Teeth

A
  • more sloped with age, younger horses more vertical
64
Q

“Floating” Horse Teeth

A
  • filing teeth, esp premolars and molars, to prevent sharp edges
  • might have wolf teeth that need to be removed
  • if teeth are sharp, can cause ulcers/abscesses and hurt cheeks –> horse won’t eat –> horse dies
65
Q

Stomach

A
  • monogastric (no rumen/not ruminant animal)
  • hind-gut fermenter (like rabbit)
  • stomach is acidic and breaks down some food
  • stomach is relatively small
66
Q

Small Intestine

A
  • enzymes secreted from pancreas and gall bladder break down lipids (lipases), proteins (proteases), and amylases (starch)
  • enzymes to break down sugars (except structural carbs like cellulose and hemicellulose)
  • food molecules able to be broken down are absorbed through the small intestine
  • food moves thru at 1 ft/hr
67
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • has cecum
  • extracts water
  • waste exits as poop
68
Q

Cecum

A
  • has microbes (hind-gut fermenters)
  • horses can ferment plant material, just not as well as cows or sheep
  • microbes create VFAs and gas (horses produce methane, CO2)
  • horses can use VFAs, just there’s not as high a concentration of these produced
  • need to be careful about sufficient protein in diet because they’re not getting microbial protein, since microbes are in cecum and not the stomach
  • cecum not as fluid-filled as cow rumen
69
Q

See Horse Notes

A
  • horse arena lecture notes on Canvas
70
Q

Uterus

A
  • bicornuate, like sheep and cattle
71
Q

Jan 1st Bday

A
  • allows horses to be oldest possible in racing
72
Q

Homeostasis

A
  • balanced energy needs
  • neutral conditions/maintaining neutral state
  • maintenance energy requirements include energy requirements for homeostasis
73
Q

Small Intestine

A
  • 3 sections
  • 20 m (60 ft)
74
Q

Cecum

A
  • junction btwn small and large intestine
  • neutral to high pH
  • digestion of plant material (cellulose, hemicellulose)
  • 1.2 m long
  • 25-30 L
  • fermentation thru microbial digestion
  • release of VFAs
  • lactic acid production
75
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • absorption of water
76
Q

Horse Manure

A
  • relatively dry
  • particles of plant material because it hasn’t been digested to completion
77
Q

Coprophagia

A
  • horses eating their own feces
  • to get leftover nutrients and microbial nutrients
  • addresses nutrient deficiencies
  • microbes might produce vitamins that the horse needs
  • common in hind-gut fermenters
78
Q

Human Modifications to Horse Digestion

A
  • horses would generally be grazing throughout the day on pasture, minute by minute
  • humans have messed w/ feeding frequency
  • we often introduce challenges and problems based on how frequently we feed them
  • need to meet nutrient requirements of horses
79
Q

Textbook

A
  • has broad breakdowns in terms of amounts of concentrate/grain and forage/hay needed
  • but feed depends on:
  • weight
  • variety/energy concentration/nutrient composition of specific feedstuffs
  • animal activity levels that req different amounts of energy
80
Q

“All-Purpose Formulation” or “Maintenance Formulation”

A
  • more nutritive detail, but “all-purpose” is a loose term
  • might not be for a racehorse, but fine for regular horse
81
Q

National Research Council Tables

A
  • nutrition requirement encyclopedia for all animals
  • highlights that energy reqs vary based on activity
  • also consider Ca and P (vitamins and minerals) to determine supplements needed
  • goes into life stages of animals (lactating mares need more energy, etc.)
82
Q

Megacalorie

A
  • 1,000,000x
83
Q

Walking

A
  • 0.2 megacalories/1000 lbs of horse
84
Q

Slow Trot

A
  • 2.3 megacalories/1000 lbs of horse
85
Q

Fast Trot - Slow Canter

A
  • 5.7 megacalories/1000 lbs of horse
86
Q

Canter - Full Gallop

A
  • 10.5 megacalories/1000 lbs of horse
87
Q

Strenuous Activity (Racing, Reining)

A
  • 17.7 megacalories/1000 lbs of horse
88
Q

Adjusting Energy Given to Animal

A
  • through amount fed and energy density of the food
  • look at DM
89
Q

Energy Density

A
  • different parts of DM have different amounts of energy
  • fat: 8.8 kcal/g
  • proteins and carbs: 4.1 kcal/g
  • knowing energy density and DM content of different foods, can use NRC tables to calculate how much to feed
90
Q

Gross Energy

A
  • energy that is consumed
  • digestible energy
  • fecal energy
91
Q

Fecal Energy

A
  • energy lost in feces
  • body doesn’t extract every last calorie available
92
Q

Digestible Energy

A
  • what body retained
  • metabolizable energy (ME)
  • urinary energy
93
Q

Urinary Energy

A
  • energy lost in urine
94
Q

Metabolizable Energy (ME)

A
  • different cell and body functions
  • net energy
  • heat increment
95
Q

Heat Increment

A
  • energy lost as heat
96
Q

Net Energy

A
  • energy available for body to use
  • production - pregnancy, lactation
  • maintenance
97
Q

Energy Variability

A
  • high variability between different flakes of hay and scoops of concentrate
  • get scales, weigh hay, account for DM
98
Q

Soaking Wheat and Hay

A
  • removes some of the sugars (important for diabetic horses)
  • could improve digestibility
99
Q

Colic

A
  • grouping of different types of GI upsets that can be deadly and expensive
100
Q

Colic Symptoms

A
  • horse might be pawing at its side (cecum having issue)
  • rolling unusually
  • sweating
  • failed to defecate
  • groaning
101
Q

Idiopathic Colic

A
  • not clear what is going on
  • might resolve itself in a good case
102
Q

Impaction Colic

A
  • might be due to sand
  • if floor is sandy, then as they eat hay, sand is accumulating in them
  • blockage of sand and dirt
103
Q

Gas Colic

A
  • due to fermentation, excessive gas buildup
  • kind of like bloat
104
Q

Strangulation

A
  • gut becomes twisted
105
Q

Horse Behavior

A
  • needs to be understood and observed
  • humans chuck in some hay, leave, come back, chuck some more hay in
  • very different from constant intake on pasture
106
Q

Reduction of Colic

A
  • constant intake and movement
  • digestive issues can lead to foot issues
107
Q

Horse Hoof

A
  • very sensitive to metabolic imbalance (in body energy conversion), body pH, and overall state of inflammation in the body
  • colic and poor diet might cause acidic pH and environment in the body (acidosis)
108
Q

Fingernails and Hooves

A
  • keratin and hair make up fingernails
  • tissue under nails and hooves is very sensitive
109
Q

Lamina Tissue

A
  • sensitive tissue under nails and hooves
  • very high blood supply = very sensitive near the hooves
110
Q

Laminitis (Founder)

A
  • hoof is inflamed and hoof wall separates from coffin bone
  • coffin bone goes down to sole, so hoof wall separating is extremely painful
  • blood supply to hoof can be interrupted
  • caused by inflammation
  • takes a long time to recover from
111
Q

Coronet Band

A
  • at the top of the hoof
  • where the hoof grows down like nails
  • hoof grows by 1 cm/month
  • takes 1 yr to grow out 12 cm
112
Q

Ideal Cecum

A
  • high pH (>= 7)
  • production of lactic acid
  • production of VFAs
113
Q

Acidosis

A
  • low pH (<= 7) in the rumen
114
Q

Horse Genetics

A
  • different genes regulate coat color in horses
115
Q

Human DNA

A
  • 3B base pairs
  • 23 chromosome pairs in humans
  • 25,000 genes on human chromosome
  • can also have genetic recombination and multifactorial genetic traits
116
Q

Genes

A
  • sequence of nucleotides coding for proteins
117
Q

Proteins

A
  • enzymes (lactase, protease, lipase)
  • proteins that move melanin, a pigment in the skin
118
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • cells that make melanin
119
Q

Base Coat Colar

A
  • black (eumelanin)
  • red (pheomelanin)
120
Q

Extension Gene

A
  • the melanocortin 1 receptor
  • E or e
  • simple dominance
  • E: black (dominant)
  • e: red (recessive)
121
Q

Agouti Gene

A
  • modifier that changes distribution
  • determines if non-chestnut horse is black or bay
  • simple dominance
  • A: (dominant)
    = a: (recessive)
122
Q

Black Horse (Black)

A
  • EEaa or Eeaa
  • homozygous dominant or heterozygous for extension gene
  • homozygous recessive for agouti gene
123
Q

Bay Horse

A
  • EEAA, EEAa, EaAA, EaAa
  • homozygous dominant or heterozygous for extension gene
  • homozygous dominant or heterozygous for agouti gene
124
Q

Chestnut (Red)

A
  • eeAA, eeAa, eeaa
  • homozygous recessive for extension gene
  • doesn’t matter what agouti gene is; that horse is red
125
Q

Morgans

A
  • one of the few true American horse breeds
126
Q

Justin Morgan

A
  • single horse in 1789 who could outrun and outpull other horses and was prepotent
  • started Morgan breed
127
Q

Prepotent

A
  • all offspring similar to sire
  • Justin Morgan
128
Q

Modern Horse

A
  • evolved 6M years ago
  • originated in N. America then crossed to Asia and stuck there after land-bridge disconnected
  • populated Europe and Asia
  • domesticated in Mongolia and Asia (3000 BC)
  • first signs of domestication – excavated with chariots, found horse skeletons with them
  • evidence that those horses, premolars had grooves in their teeth – something in
    their mouth to help control it for a chariot
  • must have been a “bit
129
Q

Przewalksi Horse

A
  • 66 chromosomes
  • separate species that has evolved by domestication
  • Mongolia has the last few examples of this horse
130
Q

Population and Popularity

A
  • very popular thru 1700s
  • declined in number bcs not used for transportation, draft needs reduced by tractors
  • horses used in wars in 1900s
131
Q

Lifespan

A
  • 25-30 yrs
  • oldest in history is 62 yrs

ANS 1 (21 decks)

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