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ANS 1 > Poultry > Flashcards

Poultry Flashcards

1
Q

Class

A
  • Aves
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2
Q

Order

A
  • Galliformes
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3
Q

Family

A
  • Phasianidae
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4
Q

Chicken Genus

A
  • Gallus
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5
Q

Chicken Species

A
  • Gallus gallus
  • Gallus gallus domesticus = subspecies
  • modern chicken –> thru intensive selection of breeding of chickens in last century
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6
Q

Chicken Chromosomes

A
  • 78
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7
Q

Turkey Genus

A
  • Meleagris
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8
Q

Turkey Species

A
  • Meleagris gallopavo
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9
Q

Turkey Chromosomes

A
  • 82
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10
Q

Muscovy Duck Genus

A
  • Cairina
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11
Q

Muscovy Duck Species

A
  • Cairina moschata
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12
Q

Muscovy Duck Chromosomes

A
  • 80
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13
Q

Global Distribution

A
  • 19B poultry worldwide
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14
Q

Chicken Stats - US

A
  • 9B broilers/yr
  • broiler = meat chicken
  • 100B eggs/yr
  • consume 100 lbs poultry/yr
  • consume 300 eggs/yr/capita
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15
Q

Turkey Stats - US

A
  • 238M
  • 50% of world’s production - mostly for Thanksgiving
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16
Q

Duck Stats - Worldwide

A
  • 28M worldwide
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17
Q

US Broiler Chickens

A
  • concentrated in Midwest and SE (by the coast in open-sided houses)
  • where the feed (grains) is, climate, concentration of processing plants in those areas
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18
Q

US Egg Production

A
  • spread out homogeneously
  • eggs are more fragile, perishable
  • produce eggs locally where consumer is located
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19
Q

Domestication

A
  • red jungle fowl in 1500 BC in Asia
  • turkeys native to N America
  • domesticated by Native Americans in 200 BC
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20
Q

Dentition

A
  • no teeth
  • chicken have genes that could make teeth, but only make teeth with genetic manipulation
  • naturally omnivorous, but on herbivorous feed in production systems
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21
Q

Digestion

A
  • beak → esophagus → crop → proventriculus → gizzard → small intestine → ceca → large intestine → cloaca → vent
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22
Q

Crop

A
  • enlargement of esophagus filled w/ digestive secretions that allows for storage
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23
Q

Crop Milk

A
  • some birds (especially pigeons) have enlargement, produce secretions, mix it w/ foods, and feed back to offspring
  • looks like milk, but not really milk
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24
Q

Proventriculus

A
  • acidic
  • contains different enzymes
  • mixes food w/ acidic environment to break down carbs of grains to simple molecules that travel to rest of GI tract
  • site of chemical digestion
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25
Q

Gizzard

A
  • mechanical digestion
  • accumulation of grit, gravel, shell material (that may be provided to birds)
  • blender – mechanical agitation breaks down digester further
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26
Q

Small Intestine (DJI Sections)

A
  • duodenum (mostly this in poultry), jejunum, ileum
  • small intestine less long in poultry because a lot of digestion has already occurred
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27
Q

2 Cecums/Ceca

A
  • junction of small and large intestine
  • microbes
  • birds on low-fiber diet, so ceca fairly small (smaller than chickens on forage diet bcs microbes have less of a job breaking down fibrous material in low-fiber diet)
  • microbes can be source of vitamins
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28
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • relatively short
  • not distinguishable sections (rectum and colon) like other animals have
  • small large intestine –> not as much water absorption
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29
Q

Cloaca

A
  • shared region between urinary system, digestive tract, and reproductive tract
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30
Q

Vent

A
  • cloaca opens into vent
  • green coloration of feces: digester
  • white coloration: urine (in the form of uric acid)
  • urine high in nitrogen, and uric acid captures that nitrogen and turns white
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31
Q

Chick

A
  • young chicken
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32
Q

Pullet

A
  • young females up until sexual maturity or point of lay
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33
Q

Point of Lay

A
  • time that pullet lays eggs and is sexually competent
  • 16 weeks of age (4-5 mo)
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34
Q

Hen

A
  • mature layer
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35
Q

Broilers

A
  • reach market weight by 6-8 weeks
  • broilers can be pullets or cockerels
  • less than 16 weeks, before point of lay
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36
Q

Typical Hen

A
  • ovulates once daily (1 egg laid per day)
  • lays 300 eggs/yr
  • tend not to lay as much during winter
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37
Q

Ovulation (Daily)

A
  • ovum released from ovary into infundibulum
  • yolk release in infundibulum
  • magnum
  • isthmus
  • uterus thru shell gland
  • lay after 23 hours
  • incubate
  • hens don’t have estrous cycle (they don’t have to carry pregnancy; estrous cycle follows follicle development)
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38
Q

Ovaries

A
  • 1 ovary (left)
  • 1 uterus
  • 1 oviduct
  • uterine horn developed
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39
Q

Infundibulum

A
  • site of fertilization if cock present
  • site of yolk release
  • yolk sits in infundibulum for 15-17 mins
  • ovum surrounded by vitelline membrane
  • xanthophyll
  • double-yolked egg possible
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40
Q

Vitelline Membrane

A
  • blood spots in eggs
  • burst blood vessel in infundibulum during yolk production
  • not dangerous
  • selected out during egg production for consumers’ sake
41
Q

Xanthophyll

A
  • pigment in infundibulum
  • fat-soluble pigment that accumulates in yolk
  • can feed marigold extracts to make yolk more orange
42
Q

Double-Yolked Egg

A
  • yolk stays in body cavity of infundibulum until next day, then second yolk joins first one and they travel down together
  • double-yolked egg = 2-day egg
43
Q

Magnum

A
  • egg spends 3 hrs to travel 30 cm
  • deposition of albumen (egg white)
  • albumin rich in protein and water – cushion inside the egg
44
Q

Isthmus

A
  • surrounding egg w/ eggshell membranes
45
Q

Shell Gland

A
  • how egg enters uterus
  • where egg spends majority of formation time depositing eggshell
  • 20 hrs out of 23 used in eggshell formation
  • eggshell rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
  • calcium comes from hen’s bones, which can regenerate calcium later
46
Q

Ca Homeostasis

A
  • critical for maintaining Ca levels in the body
  • calcium deposited in shell comes from hen’s bones and a bit from diet
  • lost Ca needs to be regenerated
47
Q

Protoporphyrin

A
  • creates brown pigment
  • “heme” - part of coloring for blood
48
Q

Biliverdin Pigment

A
  • mutation that only appeared 500 yrs ago when virus entered chicken and mutated gene
  • produces blue eggs
49
Q

Egg Porosity

A
  • 5-10,000 pores for gas exchange
  • chickens don’t have placenta, but eggs have all the same characteristics, just externally
50
Q

Lay

A
  • after 23 hrs
  • ovulation event 30 mins later
  • by 3pm (longest part of day) or next day
51
Q

Incubate

A
  • chickens: 21 days at 100 degrees F (38 degrees C)
  • turkeys: 28 days at 99 degrees F
52
Q

Yolk

A
  • nutrition of developing embryo
  • source of antibodies
53
Q

Antibodies

A
  • collection of immunoglobulin proteins
  • mammals: IgG, IgA, IgM
  • chickens: IgY
54
Q

Males

A
  • inseminate female and deposit semen in cloaca
  • chicken body temp is 106.5 degrees F
  • robust sperm
  • sperm can survive 10 days in reproductive tract
  • sperm stays in infundibulum and fertilizes multiple eggs over time
  • male puberty: 4-5 mo old
55
Q

Clutch

A
  • hen may lay clutch of 10 eggs that she’ll brood
  • sit down and incubate eggs
56
Q

Capon

A
  • castrated male
  • chicken meat that is fattier –> delicacy
  • not common because castration is slow and expensive, and testes are internal
57
Q

Artificial Insemination

A
  • not practical, since penis is w/in cloaca
  • commercial production of chicken might use AI with breeding stock and send out progeny
58
Q

Vent Sexing

A
  • standard
  • day old chicks
  • need to decide which are female, which are males to be euthanized
  • want more effective egg sexing technique before hatching to avoid euthanasia
59
Q

Feather Sexing

A
  • genetic line that has slow growth of feathers that distinguishes M/F
60
Q

Coloration/Markings

A
  • might have different colors based on sex
61
Q

In Ovo Sexing

A
  • genotype tiny bit of DNA from egg and find sex chromosomes
  • used in Europe
  • being promoted in industry, probably become mainstream in a few yrs
62
Q

Commercial Hatcheries

A
  • hatch all of the eggs laid in breeding facilities
  • 21 days in hatchery: incubating egg, turning it, monitoring it
  • day-old chicks shipped out to rearing facilities
63
Q

Broilers

A
  • classified on bodyweight
  • avg retail chicken reaches target weight of 5 lbs after 40-50 d (used to take 2x this long to reach this bodyweight)
64
Q

Benefits of Faster-Growing Bird

A
  • less feed = more sustainable
  • more product for same amount of feed
  • can raise 2x chicks over same amount of time
  • higher dressing percentage
  • why poultry has become more popular globally
65
Q

Feed Conversion Ratio: Broilers

A
  • 1.5-2 lbs of feed to gain 1 lb of bodyweight in birds
66
Q

Chicken Dressing Percentage

A
  • (carcass weight)/(live weight)
  • 78%
67
Q

Turkey Dressing Percentage

68
Q

Broiler Sheds

A
  • 40,000+ birds
  • biosecurity, temp reg, ventilation, space, feed distribution and water, bedding, stress, handling
69
Q

Biosecurity

A
  • challenge w/ avian influenza
70
Q

Temperature

A
  • 72 degrees F
  • adjust based on growth state
  • younger birds more sensitive
71
Q

Ventilation

A
  • chicken urine part of manure (uric acid) is high in nitrogen –> ammonia gas
72
Q

Space

A
  • 1 sq ft of space per adult bird
  • overcrowding –> injury, aggression
  • no enrichment, but healthy social interactions
73
Q

Feed Distribution and Water

A
  • high stocking density – need access to feed and water
  • feeder spacing (fed in troughs/circular feeders)
  • can calculate number of cm needed per animal for feeding
  • feeder spacing might increase with age
74
Q

Bedding

A
  • litter (organic material - shavings, rice hulls, wood chips, etc., depending on geographic location)
  • change bedding after harvesting broilers
  • litter becomes commodity sold back to farms as fertilizer
75
Q

Stress

A
  • extremely negative for bird wellbeing and product quality
  • need calm, timely handling
76
Q

Handling

A
  • reduce injury
  • used to be badly done, but now there’s more oversight, lower injury rate
  • manual catching reqs human labor
  • mechanical harvesting: machines w/ rubber fingers put birds onto conveyor belts
77
Q

Pullets Raised for Laying

A
  • point of lay at 16 weeks
  • peak lay at 29 weeks
  • ovulation somewhat seasonal (max rate of egg production as photoperiod incr - 1 egg/day)
  • as days get shorter, rate of lay decreases and production drops off significantly
78
Q

Induce Molt

A
  • for reproductive tract to regenerate
  • coincide w/ shorter days
  • manipulate photoperiod (barns full of lights –> max egg production)
  • induce molt w/ feed restriction and/or reduced lighting
  • decr egg production, allowing for regeneration of reproductive tract and greater egg yield over time
79
Q

Housing and Management of Broilers

A
  • temp, air quality, space, ammonia, humidity
80
Q

Chicken Broiler Facilities

A
  • multiple sheds, esp on E Coast near Delaware
  • day old chicks all brought in at once
  • 6 broods/yr
  • all in/all out apprach
  • clean up facilities after each round/harvest
81
Q

Turkey Shed

A
  • longer growth period
  • 2-3 broods/yr
  • all in/all out approach
  • clean up after each round/harvest
82
Q

Processing Considerations

A
  • slaughter must be humane (consumer preference/feedback)
  • immediacy of euthanasia
  • harvested from sheds at night to reduce stress
  • immediately taken to processing plants and euthanized
  • billions processed each year
83
Q

Pullets

A
  • point of lay: 16 weeks
  • 80 week egg-laying lifespan
  • photoperiod regulates rate of lay
  • induced molt used to be forced by feed restriction/starvation –> now less common bcs it puts bird in state of stress
  • now, induce molt by manipulating nutrients and adjusting photoperiod
  • induced molt regenerates reproductive tract and incr egg quality that would otherwise decr as hens aged
  • rate of egg laying might decline w/ age
84
Q

Traditional Housing

A
  • stacked cage system
  • multiple birds housed w/in one battery (wire) cage
  • benefits:
  • can monitor all birds close up, efficient collection of eggs, high stocking density
85
Q

Prop 2 (CA)

A
  • first ruling where CA public said they wanted to ensure layers could spread their wings
  • more space than traditional battery cage
86
Q

Prop 12 (CA)

A
  • no cages for egg-laying birds after 2022
  • also specified that eggs coming into CA had to be produced w/ that stipulation
  • led to incr in egg price
  • one of the best examples of public influence on animal raising
87
Q

True Antibiotic Use

A
  • like penicillin
  • extensively used in human medicine
  • used to be used as blanket meds for broilers especially (birds grow better)
  • now all animal industries minimally use antibiotics to limit antibiotic resistance
  • objective is not to use them at all (sign of good management and welfare)
  • if used, must have withdrawal period so antibiotics are gone from animals’ symptoms and won’t transfer to humans, thereby reducing efficacy of antibiotics
88
Q

Coccidiosis

A
  • protozoal disease
  • protozoa infect gut cells of bird and cysts in bird feces that are eggs
  • intensively-housed birds might peck at those feces and get coccidiosis
89
Q

Coccidiostats

A
  • specifically targeted at coccidiosis
  • used as feed additive
  • preventative medicine
90
Q

Vaccinations

A
  • day old chicks vaccinated at hatchery
  • vaccine applied as little spot on baby chicks
  • when they peck at each other, they ingest it from their friends (quick way of vaccination)
91
Q

Influenza Viruses

A
  • highly problematic and common in wild and managed birds
  • HPAI
  • can be vaccinated against
92
Q

Newcastle Disease

A
  • have been a few outbreaks in CA
  • entire flocks have to be culled (using CO2)
  • can be spread quickly thru wild birds
  • highly pathogenic
  • transmitted thru backyard cockfighting
  • clamped down on cockfighting to reduce disease incidence
  • can be vaccinated against
93
Q

Marrick’s Disease

A
  • can be vaccinated against
94
Q

Monopolization of Broiler Industry

A
  • 70% of broiler meats produced comes from 10 companies
  • these companies own all different parts of production pipeline:
  • chicks in hatchery, feed supply (pricing, transport, etc.), water, slaughterhouse (oversee harvesting and packaging - Purdue and Foster Farms), labor (the company’s vets, trade-qualified ppl who can follow strict biosecurity programs)
  • very efficient (economically and production-wise)
95
Q

Vertical Integration

A
  • grower sheds
  • company outsources growth of birds to independent operators
  • family farms are contractors to company
  • company owns chicks, but family farms have more real estate and potential for individual supervision
96
Q

Disadvantages of Vertical Integration System

A
  • creates monopoly
  • lack of competition means some individual farms may be unable to participate
  • monopolies inflate consumer prices
97
Q

Alternatives to Vertical Integration System

A
  • free-range ops: taken off in CA; expand open space so birds can spread out further
  • cage-free ops: in CA; still sheds, but birds on ground and perches instead of cages; egg collection done manually
98
Q

Feed Conversion

A
  • for broilers: 1.5-2.0
  • carcass has high dressing percentage
99
Q

Byproducts

A
  • fertilizer
  • feather meal – potentially fed to other animals, including ruminants

ANS 1 (21 decks)

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