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ANS 1 > Chapter 16: Beef Cattle > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Beef Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

Class

A

Mammalia

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2
Q

Order

A

Artiodactyla

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3
Q

Family

A

Bovidae

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4
Q

Subfamily

A

Bovinae

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5
Q

Genus

A

Bos

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6
Q

Species

A

Bos indicus and Bos taurus

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7
Q

Bos indicus

A
  • heat resistant
  • droopy ears, thin skin w/ folds to release heat
  • parasite resistant
  • hump on back
  • origins from Indian subcontinent and Africa
  • Zebu, Brahman
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8
Q

Bos taurus

A
  • cooler climates; European breeds
  • Black Angus, Limousin, Charolais, Belgian Blue, Hereford, Longhorns
  • 70 breeds of cattle?
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9
Q

Black Baldy

A
  • hybrid
  • Bos taurus x Bos taurus
  • Angus x Hereford
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10
Q

Braford

A
  • Bos indicus x Bos taurus
  • Brahman x Hereford
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11
Q

Brangus

A
  • Bos indicus x Bos taurus
  • Brahman x Angus
  • mostly classified as Bos taurus bcs Bos indicus in him is very diluted; greater percentage of Bos taurus blood
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12
Q

Crossbred Advantages

A
  • heat and parasite resistant
  • muscled, more milk production, growth
  • hybrid vigor: extra boost in performance in mixed breeds
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13
Q

Number of Chromosomes

A
  • 60 chromosomes (30 pairs)
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14
Q

Cattle Domestication

A
  • 6500 BC
  • domesticated in Asia and Europe
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15
Q

Bull

A
  • male bovine
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16
Q

Cow

A
  • mature female bovine
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17
Q

Castrated Male

A
  • steer (pre-puberty castration), stag (post-puberty castration)
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18
Q

Heifer

A
  • young female before first calving
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19
Q

Calf

A
  • bovine < 1yr old
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20
Q

Springer

A
  • pregnant female
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21
Q

Parturition (Calving)

A
  • process of giving birth
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22
Q

Beef Cattle Production

A
  • China: largest cattle producer
  • Brazil and India: 2nd largest, tho India not as much for beef
  • US: 90M heads of beef
  • US: 20% global beef supply
  • US: avg person consumes 20 kg beef/yr
  • Hong Kong: 50 kg/person/yr
  • consumption linked to changing economic conditions
  • US has 10M cattle in feedlots at any time (half in TX, some in NE, some in KS
  • 33M cow-calf ops: 5M in TX, 2.5M in CA, 2M in MO
  • US exports to lots of countries (like Japan, who doesn’t have a lot of ag)
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23
Q

Cattle Dentition Formula

A
  • 0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3
  • same as sheep
  • they have dental pads too
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24
Q

Timing Between Each Incisor Pair

A
  • one year apart
  • 1st pair at 1.5-2 years
  • 4th pair at 4.5 years
  • by 5th year, full mouth
  • by 6 years, 1st pair starts to deteriorate, and so on until 9th year
  • a lot of cows live until 20, so they keep teeth
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25
Q

Dentition Uses

A
  • to estimate age
  • to make sure they have healthy dentition for pasture/grazing/feed they’ll be on
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26
Q

Puberty

A
  • more dependent on bodyweight than age (for any animal; could also be seasonal, but not for cows)
  • 300 kg
  • 8-18 mo
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27
Q

Cotyledonary Placenta

A
  • just like sheep
  • caruncle on mom’s side and cotyledon on fetus’s side
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28
Q

Polyestrous

A
  • will cycle throughout the year
  • we want them to calve in the spring for more available food (like sheep)
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29
Q

Freemartin

A
  • refers to female in twin calves (one male, one female)
  • female is infertile (reproductive tract not fully developed, udder not fully developed)
  • caused by male releasing testosterone into circulation, which causes sister to be masculinized
  • externally normal, but cannot reproduce
  • distance between vulva and anus is distorted, and if inserting into the vulva, dead end reached
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30
Q

Gestation Period

A
  • 283 days (almost 9 mo)
  • longer than sheep (5 mo)
  • longer generational length than sheep
  • takes longer to shift phenotype through selection w/ animals w/ longer gestation
31
Q

AI Advantages

A
  • can selectively breed w/ semen from bulls around the world
  • brings in outside genetics for gene pool diversity to avoid inbreeding
  • management control over selective breeding and when the event happens
  • safety for humans from bull
  • disease control in terms of preventing bull from infecting cows w/ STDs especially
  • can get sexed semen to choose for female (especially in dairy, not as much in beef) –> done by weighing spermatozoa for different weight of Y chromosome
  • 1 bull can give hundreds or thousands of straws of ejaculate vs. only being able to service 30-50 in person
  • can have long-term storage of semen
  • not all farms need to pay for bull upkeep
32
Q

AI Disadvantages

A
  • relies on humans to tell when cow is in heat/when heat began
  • natural breeding/service has more success at impregnating cows
33
Q

Clean-Up Bull

A
  • females that aren’t impregnated by AI come back into heat
  • cleanup bulls provide natural service and impregnate females to avoid loss of money in that production facility
  • females that aren’t pregnant are losing money
34
Q

Dystocia

A
  • difficult birth
  • especially with crossbreeding
  • Brahman x Angus
  • Brahman calves are much bigger than Angus calves
  • results in greater risk of calf and mother death
  • need to supervise births more in cases where this is predicted
34
Q

Estrous Cycle

A
  • 21 days
35
Q

Newborn Calf

A
  • 35 kg
  • born on a range w/out humans or w/ supervision
  • cows generally do fine giving birth without human assistance
  • average 1 calf per cow
36
Q

Colostrum

A
  • first milk accumulated in mammary gland in last weeks before birth
  • full of antibodies that give immunity against pathogens, viruses, and bacteria
  • ruminants especially depend on antibodies from mom to get their own immunity, and these have to come from colostrum
37
Q

Colostrum Inside the Calf

A
  • bypasses rumen via reticular/esophageal groove
  • goes into abomasum then small intestine
  • small intestine is leaky and allows antibodies to enter blood supply of newborn
  • these antibodies are there for the rest of the animal’s life
  • small intestine seals up 24 hours after birth, so colostrum MUST be given to newborn ASAP after birth
  • otherwise, antibodies won’t enter newborn’s blood supply
38
Q

Passive Transfer/Immunity

A
  • antibodies from mum to newborn through colostrum
  • antibodies that come from mum are especially important because they reflect the same environment that calf is born into
  • calf is exposed to same pathogens, viruses, bacteria that mum has immunity against
39
Q

Wallaroo

A
  • mix between kangaroo and wallaby that can kill you or dogs
40
Q

Beef Calves

A
  • 35 kg
  • raised w/ moms and milk for 6 mo
  • weaning weight of 200 kg
  • cow-calf op –> stocker –> feedlot
41
Q

Seedstock Breeder

A
  • nucleus population
  • females and bulls w/ best genetics
  • F1 offspring/population/progeny go into feedlot operation from stocker (grass) operation
42
Q

Sire

A
  • father
43
Q

Dam

A
  • mother
44
Q

Cow-Calf Operations

A
  • in CA and MO
  • places w/ good rangeland and feed that can match lactation cycles to raise calves
45
Q

Feedlot Locations

A
  • TX, OK, NB (Nebraska)
46
Q

Feedlot

A
  • animals in confinement
  • also called CAFO: confined animal feeding operation
  • optimal feed for maximum ADG
  • specific diets based on what goal you need them to achieve, based on sex, based on body composition
47
Q

Feedlot Advantages

A
  • optimize, maximize, specialize feed diets
  • close observation
  • easier access to utilities and feedstuffs (one of the main inputs into these ops is feed)
  • high stocking density (number of animals per unit land); more efficient
  • consistency, balanced inputs (keeping similar-sized animals together; all steers together, etc.)
48
Q

Hormonal Growth Promotants (HGP)

A
  • slow-release hormones that promote growth
  • progesterone and estrogen to steers
  • testosterone, MGA to heifers
  • makes animals more efficient per pound of feed
  • Europe is strict about HGPs, so stuff from US has to be HGP-free before being exported to Europe
  • public and government concerns about health and safety, but hormone traces are gone by the time the animals are slaughtered; no residual HGPs in the meat
  • also, needs to be small amounts of hormones so that disruptive mounting behaviors etc. are not exhibited and interrupt feeding
49
Q

MGA

A
  • given to heifers as one of the HGPs
  • suppresses estrous cycle
  • no lordosis, focus on eating, which enhances animal growth
50
Q

Time Spent in Feedlot Op

A
  • 120 days
  • ADG of multiple kgs per day
51
Q

Feed Efficiency

A
  • amount of gain relative to the amount fed (G:F)
  • feed efficiency = (kg of bodyweight) / (kg of feed)
52
Q

Veal

A
  • beef raised on milk diet
  • calves will be kept back, intensively raised, and fed milk
  • lower iron in the diet results in paler meat
  • considered a delicacy, but not super common to produce in the US
53
Q

Feeding

A
  • match body composition to feed
54
Q

Rumen Development in Calves

A
  • rumen development as transition occurs from milk to plant-based diet
  • calves go for/are fed roughage, which stimulates development of rumen papillae
  • developed papillae are needed for the rumen walls to be able to transport VFAs into circulation of calf
55
Q

Skeletal/Bone Development of Calf

A
  • requires a lot of energy, calcium, and phosphorus
  • milk is high in Ca and P
  • milk is designed to meet reqs for bone growth
  • also need a lot of proteins
56
Q

Muscle Development in Calves

A
  • muscle is particularly rich in protein
  • “microbial protein” when microbes die and are digested by abomasum; those AAs are used to make new muscle
57
Q

Fat in Feedlot Stage

A
  • need to deposit adipose/fat in feedlot stage
  • higher level of energy: corn, soybeans, high-quality alfalfa
58
Q

Ad Libitum in Feedlot Stage

A
  • unlimited access to food in feedlots
59
Q

Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)

A
  • efficiency
  • (kg of gain) / (kg of feed)
60
Q

Rumen Modifiers

A
  • can use chemicals to change chemistry of rumen/species of microbes
61
Q

Monensin

A
  • chemical that kills protozoa in the rumen, which are not as efficient as bacteria in making VFAs
62
Q

Methane Inhibitors

A
  • introduce feedstuffs and/or chemicals that target methane production
  • types of seaweed have been found to inhibit methane production
63
Q

Feeding More Grain in Feedlots

A
  • run the risk of making rumen too acidic
  • grain is really fermentable
  • acetate increases when there’s a high level of hay/grass
  • propionate increases when there’s a high level of grain
  • causes a drop in the pH and an excessively acidic environment
64
Q

Acidosis

A
  • excessively acidic environment in the rumen
  • to prevent/stop acidosis, you need to feed a buffer substance to avoid pH changes
  • normal rumen pH is roughly neutral
65
Q

Feedlot

A
  • modifying body composition
  • muscle (main component), fat, bone, and connective tissues are in meat
66
Q

Connective Tissues

A
  • cell types that keep things together
  • the cells that connect muscle to bone; cartilage
67
Q

Muscle

A
  • 70% water
  • 15-20% protein
  • 2-12% fat
  • < 1% ash/minerals
68
Q

Ash

A
  • minerals
  • when meat is dried to DM, then DM is burned, the other elements leave as carbon dioxide or water vapor
  • ash that remains is the mineral content of the meat/muscle
69
Q

Myocyte

A
  • muscle cell
  • myocytes have myofilaments
  • myofilaments have a structure of molecules that are like little zippers
  • these are the main proteins in muscles: myosin and actin
  • myosin and actin move across each other and let muscle fiber contract or not
70
Q

Muscle is High in Protein

A
  • when we eat meat, we’re consuming myosin and actin at molecular level
  • they’re made up of AAs that came from the animal’s feed or from the microbial protein in the animal that make new myosin and actin in the muscle
71
Q

Myology

A
  • study of muscle biology
72
Q

Belgian Blue

A
  • appearance caused by 2x as much myosin as a regular animal

ANS 1 (21 decks)

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