Aquaculture Lab Flashcards
1
Q
Aquaculture Origins
A
- 5th C BC in ancient China
2
Q
Today
A
- more than half of world’s seafood production
- 50% finfish (salmon, catfish), 25% mollusks (oysters, clams), 25% crustaceans (crab, shrimp)
3
Q
Farming Aquaculture
A
- production of seafood from hatchery fish and shellfish which are grown to market size in ponds, tanks, cages, raceways
- includes raising ornamental fish for aquarium trade and growing plant species used in range of food, pharma, nutritional, biotech products
4
Q
Restoration Aquaculture
A
- form of aquaculture in which hatchery fish and shellfish are released into wild to rebuild wild populations or coastal habitats like oyster reefs
5
Q
Anadromous
A
- migrating upriver from the sea to spawn
- salmon, sturgeon
6
Q
Euryhaline
A
- fish that are able to adapt to wide range of salinities
7
Q
Stenohaline
A
- fish that cannot tolerate wide fluctuation in water salinity
8
Q
Sturgeon
A
- largest spawning populations in Klamath and Sac River systems
- green sturgeon is threatened species
- carnivorous (molluscivore in wild; will eat commercial pelleted food)
- anadromous and euryhaline
- see lab manual pg. 100 for differences between green and white sturgeons
- vent for green sturgeons is btwn pelvic fins; behind for white sturgeon
9
Q
Koi
A
- can be trained to eat from the hand
- bright coloring makes them targets for predators; netting over ponds for protection
- will return to color of common carp w/in few generations of being released in the wild
- stenohaline
10
Q
Common Carp
A
- most commonly farmed finfish species in the world (Europe, Asia)
- listed in top 100 of world’s most invasive species
- stenohaline
- omnivorous
11
Q
Atlantic Salmon
A
- mainly produced in US, Canada, Russia, Australia
- “commercially extinct” in the wild (too rare to support commercial fishing)
- carnivorous, require large amounts of protein in diet
- anadromous
- euryhaline
- juveniles are freshwater, undergo saltwater adaptation at 2-5 yrs
12
Q
Nile Tilapia
A
- 7th most commonly farmed finfish in the world
- can be traced back 4000 yrs ago to Ancient Egypt
- omnivorous, do not require animal protein in diet to thrive
- euryhaline
13
Q
Bivalves (Oysters, Clams)
A
- 25% of aquaculture production
- aquaculture of bivalves is considered ecologically neutral
- subsist by filtering photosynthetic plankton
14
Q
Lifecycle/Production Cycles
A
- see lab manual pgs. 102-103
15
Q
Oyster Trochophore Larva
A
- larval stage is formed w/in hours after egg cleavage; ciliated at one end and valves (and adductor muscles) starting to develop at opposite end
16
Q
Oyster Veliger Larva
A
- w/in 48 hrs of cleavage
- thin, transpaarent shell is formed around body
- ciliated “velum” formed outside shell and used for swimming, feeding, respiration, etc.
- after few days, larva has D shape and can be called D-shaped or straight-hinged larva
- series of stages follow; protuberances emerge on straight hinge; larva also takes on rounder shape
- mouth and other digestive organs also developed, as well as simple, early stage gills
- Umbone Larva – complete by 7-14 days after cleavage
17
Q
Oyster Pediveliger Larva
A
- fully-developed larva, w/ eye spot (photoreceptive area) and foot
- complete by 14-21 days after cleavage
18
Q
Oyster Spat (Post-Larval Stage)
A
- point at which metamorphosed larva permanently attaches to substrate
- loses velum, foot, and eye spot
- will become adult oyster
19
Q
Fry
A
- recently hatched fish that has reached stage where its yolk-sac has almost disappeared and its swim bladder is operational to the point where the fish can actively feed for itself
20
Q
Fingerling
A
- fish that has reached stage where fins can be extended and scales developing thru body
21
Q
Brood Stock
A
- fish of any species used for reproduction
22
Q
Fish and Oyster Anatomy
A
- see lab manual pgs. 105-106
23
Q
Swim Bladder
A
- flexible air-filled sac located above viscera; allows fish to remain buoyant at specific depth
24
Q
Gills
A
- respiratory and excretory organs
- 4 pairs, each formed of 2 layers of filaments
- enable water to exchange oxygen and ammonium as it circulates over gills
25
Q
Urinary Bladder
A
- reservoir in which urine from kidneys collects before evacuated thru urogenital aperture
26
Q
Reproductive Organ
A
- female produces eggs in ovaries and male produces soft roe in testicles
- eggs and roe expelled into water, where fertilization occurs
27
Q
Spiny Dorsal Fin
A
- swimming appendage formed of a membrane and usually pricly rays located on middle anterior dorsal portion of body
- provides stability
28
Q
Soft Dorsal fin
A
- swimming appendage formed of membrane and rays located on middle posterior dorsal portion of body
- provides stability
29
Q
Oyster Mantle
A
- sac-like structure that encloses inner organs
- open on all sides, allowing water to pass thru to gills
- glands at edge of mantle secrete shell material
30
Q
Oyster Gills
A
- two
- how oyster breathes and get food
- cilia on inner sides of gills beat in unison to pull water thru open valves and gills
- while oyster feeding, sheet of mucus secreted on gill surfaces
- microscopic food particles carried in water become entangled in mucus and are captured by oyster
- water passes thru gill pores (ostia) to excurrent chamber, where it flushes away fecal matter discharged by anus
- food-containing mucus is pushed in opposite direction toward mouth by other cilia
- not all food caught by gills is ingested; might be rejected by palps pre-reaching mouth bcs of particle size and shape
- oyster food: plankton, detritus, diatoms, dinoflagellates
31
Q
Extensive Culture Systems
A
- use low stocking densities
- not given supplemental feeds often
- might add fertilizer to water to stimulate production and growth of natural food
- coastal bivalve culture, coastal fishponds, and pen/cage culture in eutrophic waters
32
Q
Semi-Intensive Systems
A
- supplemental feeding
- higher stocking densities than extensive systems
- small ponds up to one hectare in size
- management focus on input application (feed and fertilizers) and environmental manipulation (water management)
- fresh- and brackish water ponds, integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems, and pen/cage culture in eutrophic waters
33
Q
Intensive Systems
A
- entirely dependent on formulated feeds
- small ponds, 1 ha
- same management as semi-intensive
- higher productivity is tradeoff to higher costs and labor
- freshwater and brackish water ponds, marine ponds, cage, and pen systems
34
Q
Shucking Oyster
A
- see lab manual pg. 107