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ANS 1 > Aquaculture Lab > Flashcards

Aquaculture Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Aquaculture Origins

A
  • 5th C BC in ancient China
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2
Q

Today

A
  • more than half of world’s seafood production
  • 50% finfish (salmon, catfish), 25% mollusks (oysters, clams), 25% crustaceans (crab, shrimp)
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3
Q

Farming Aquaculture

A
  • production of seafood from hatchery fish and shellfish which are grown to market size in ponds, tanks, cages, raceways
  • includes raising ornamental fish for aquarium trade and growing plant species used in range of food, pharma, nutritional, biotech products
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4
Q

Restoration Aquaculture

A
  • form of aquaculture in which hatchery fish and shellfish are released into wild to rebuild wild populations or coastal habitats like oyster reefs
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5
Q

Anadromous

A
  • migrating upriver from the sea to spawn
  • salmon, sturgeon
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6
Q

Euryhaline

A
  • fish that are able to adapt to wide range of salinities
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7
Q

Stenohaline

A
  • fish that cannot tolerate wide fluctuation in water salinity
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8
Q

Sturgeon

A
  • largest spawning populations in Klamath and Sac River systems
  • green sturgeon is threatened species
  • carnivorous (molluscivore in wild; will eat commercial pelleted food)
  • anadromous and euryhaline
  • see lab manual pg. 100 for differences between green and white sturgeons
  • vent for green sturgeons is btwn pelvic fins; behind for white sturgeon
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9
Q

Koi

A
  • can be trained to eat from the hand
  • bright coloring makes them targets for predators; netting over ponds for protection
  • will return to color of common carp w/in few generations of being released in the wild
  • stenohaline
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10
Q

Common Carp

A
  • most commonly farmed finfish species in the world (Europe, Asia)
  • listed in top 100 of world’s most invasive species
  • stenohaline
  • omnivorous
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11
Q

Atlantic Salmon

A
  • mainly produced in US, Canada, Russia, Australia
  • “commercially extinct” in the wild (too rare to support commercial fishing)
  • carnivorous, require large amounts of protein in diet
  • anadromous
  • euryhaline
  • juveniles are freshwater, undergo saltwater adaptation at 2-5 yrs
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12
Q

Nile Tilapia

A
  • 7th most commonly farmed finfish in the world
  • can be traced back 4000 yrs ago to Ancient Egypt
  • omnivorous, do not require animal protein in diet to thrive
  • euryhaline
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13
Q

Bivalves (Oysters, Clams)

A
  • 25% of aquaculture production
  • aquaculture of bivalves is considered ecologically neutral
  • subsist by filtering photosynthetic plankton
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14
Q

Lifecycle/Production Cycles

A
  • see lab manual pgs. 102-103
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15
Q

Oyster Trochophore Larva

A
  • larval stage is formed w/in hours after egg cleavage; ciliated at one end and valves (and adductor muscles) starting to develop at opposite end
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16
Q

Oyster Veliger Larva

A
  • w/in 48 hrs of cleavage
  • thin, transpaarent shell is formed around body
  • ciliated “velum” formed outside shell and used for swimming, feeding, respiration, etc.
  • after few days, larva has D shape and can be called D-shaped or straight-hinged larva
  • series of stages follow; protuberances emerge on straight hinge; larva also takes on rounder shape
  • mouth and other digestive organs also developed, as well as simple, early stage gills
  • Umbone Larva – complete by 7-14 days after cleavage
17
Q

Oyster Pediveliger Larva

A
  • fully-developed larva, w/ eye spot (photoreceptive area) and foot
  • complete by 14-21 days after cleavage
18
Q

Oyster Spat (Post-Larval Stage)

A
  • point at which metamorphosed larva permanently attaches to substrate
  • loses velum, foot, and eye spot
  • will become adult oyster
19
Q

Fry

A
  • recently hatched fish that has reached stage where its yolk-sac has almost disappeared and its swim bladder is operational to the point where the fish can actively feed for itself
20
Q

Fingerling

A
  • fish that has reached stage where fins can be extended and scales developing thru body
21
Q

Brood Stock

A
  • fish of any species used for reproduction
22
Q

Fish and Oyster Anatomy

A
  • see lab manual pgs. 105-106
23
Q

Swim Bladder

A
  • flexible air-filled sac located above viscera; allows fish to remain buoyant at specific depth
24
Q

Gills

A
  • respiratory and excretory organs
  • 4 pairs, each formed of 2 layers of filaments
  • enable water to exchange oxygen and ammonium as it circulates over gills
25
Q

Urinary Bladder

A
  • reservoir in which urine from kidneys collects before evacuated thru urogenital aperture
26
Q

Reproductive Organ

A
  • female produces eggs in ovaries and male produces soft roe in testicles
  • eggs and roe expelled into water, where fertilization occurs
27
Q

Spiny Dorsal Fin

A
  • swimming appendage formed of a membrane and usually pricly rays located on middle anterior dorsal portion of body
  • provides stability
28
Q

Soft Dorsal fin

A
  • swimming appendage formed of membrane and rays located on middle posterior dorsal portion of body
  • provides stability
29
Q

Oyster Mantle

A
  • sac-like structure that encloses inner organs
  • open on all sides, allowing water to pass thru to gills
  • glands at edge of mantle secrete shell material
30
Q

Oyster Gills

A
  • two
  • how oyster breathes and get food
  • cilia on inner sides of gills beat in unison to pull water thru open valves and gills
  • while oyster feeding, sheet of mucus secreted on gill surfaces
  • microscopic food particles carried in water become entangled in mucus and are captured by oyster
  • water passes thru gill pores (ostia) to excurrent chamber, where it flushes away fecal matter discharged by anus
  • food-containing mucus is pushed in opposite direction toward mouth by other cilia
  • not all food caught by gills is ingested; might be rejected by palps pre-reaching mouth bcs of particle size and shape
  • oyster food: plankton, detritus, diatoms, dinoflagellates
31
Q

Extensive Culture Systems

A
  • use low stocking densities
  • not given supplemental feeds often
  • might add fertilizer to water to stimulate production and growth of natural food
  • coastal bivalve culture, coastal fishponds, and pen/cage culture in eutrophic waters
32
Q

Semi-Intensive Systems

A
  • supplemental feeding
  • higher stocking densities than extensive systems
  • small ponds up to one hectare in size
  • management focus on input application (feed and fertilizers) and environmental manipulation (water management)
  • fresh- and brackish water ponds, integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems, and pen/cage culture in eutrophic waters
33
Q

Intensive Systems

A
  • entirely dependent on formulated feeds
  • small ponds, 1 ha
  • same management as semi-intensive
  • higher productivity is tradeoff to higher costs and labor
  • freshwater and brackish water ponds, marine ponds, cage, and pen systems
34
Q

Shucking Oyster

A
  • see lab manual pg. 107

ANS 1 (16 decks)

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