Chapters 1-2: Introduction Flashcards
1
Q
Domestication provides…
A
- mutual benefit
- adaptation to humans and their environment
- improved performance (growth)
- controlled and improved reproduction
- selective breeding/artificial selection that alters evolution
2
Q
Domestication Definition
A
- domesticated animals have wild counterpart that they differ from genetically
- taming animals or raising them in captivity is NOT domestication
- domesticated species have “fixed” traits
3
Q
Earliest Domesticated Species
A
- dogs domesticated ~14,000 yrs ago
- sheep first domesticated in the Middle East for food
4
Q
Phenotype (P)
A
- outward characteristics of organism
- species-, breed-, country-, and application-specific
- P = Environment (E) + Genotype (G)
5
Q
Environment (E)
A
- non-genetic factors influencing phenotype
6
Q
Genotype (G)
A
- result of actions of individual genes alone and their combined effects
- genetic factors that contribute to phenotype
7
Q
Quantitative Phenotypic Traits
A
- can be measured along continuum
- often involve multiple regions of DNA (multiple genes)
- polymorphic
- could form bell curve/normal distribution
8
Q
Qualitative Phenotypic Traits
A
- not measured along continuum; described, characterized or categorized
9
Q
Animals on the Planet
A
- 1.4B cows
- 960M goats
- 21B chickens
- 500M pigs (50% more in 2024 than 2019 because of African swine fever – especially hit China)
10
Q
Worldwide Grasslands
A
- these include pasture lands
- high density of crop growing in US and Europe, also high yield in Africa
- driven by rainfall, climate, and politics
11
Q
Meat Production
A
- pork is most popular meat worldwide
- chicken meat is increasing most rapidly
- byproducts like inedible fat, urine, and manure are usable in other aspects of human life
12
Q
Biodiversity and Nutrient Cycling
A
- animals important for nutrient cycling
- large proportion of domesticated animals on planet uses poor-quality feedstuffs
- methane released into atmosphere important to curb
13
Q
Nutrition
A
- animals provide significant amount of high quality protein for humans
- 18% of all energy worldwide
- 27% of energy to humans in US
- 40% of all protein worldwide
- 50% as meat, 25% milk, 17% fish, 18% eggs
14
Q
Economics
A
- as wealth increases, meat consumption increases
- $1.4 trillion globally = value of livestock production
- $180 billion in US
- still heavy reliance on animals for transport and draft, especially in developing countries
15
Q
Social Issues
A
- animal abuse reflects/predicts domestic abuse tendencies
- more kids in US grow up w/ animal than married parents
- human-animal conflicts, esp agriculture vs. urban spread
