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ANS 1 > Dairy Cattle Lab > Flashcards

Dairy Cattle Lab Flashcards

1
Q

CA and Dairy

A
  • top dairy state in US in terms of annual milk production
  • # 1 agricultural commodity in CA is milk
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2
Q

Dairy Cattle

A
  • generally purebred
  • intensive operation (more confining)
  • most commonly bred through artificial insemination (AI)
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3
Q

Holstein

A
  • majority of dairy cattle in US
  • black/red and white
  • 680 kg (1500 lbs)
  • 10,791 kg milk (23,791 lbs)
  • 3.7% fat, 3.1% protein
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4
Q

Jersey

A
  • light gray, mouse, dark fawn colors
  • 454 kg weight (1000 lbs)
  • 7848 kg milk
  • 4.8% fat, 3.6% protein
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5
Q

Guernsey

A
  • light red/fawn w/ white
  • 499 kg
  • 7028 kg milk
  • 4.5% fat, 3.4% protein
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6
Q

Brown Swiss

A
  • Swiss Alps origin
  • originally triple-purpose (milk, meat, draft)
  • officially dairy in 1906 in US
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7
Q

Milking Shorthorn

A
  • dual-purpose breed
  • red and white, or roan
  • 567 kg weight
  • 6491 kg milk
  • 3.6% fat, 3.1% protein
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7
Q

Ayrshire

A
  • lighter colored band around muzzle; gray or brown coat
  • 635 kg weight
  • 8484 kg milk
  • 4.1% fat, 3.4% protein
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8
Q

Weaned

A
  • 6-8 weeks
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9
Q

Bred

A
  • 15 mo
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10
Q

First Calf

A
  • 24 mo
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11
Q

Milking

A
  • 305 days (10-14 mo)
  • highest production 60 days post calving
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12
Q

Breeding

A
  • 90-120 days post-calving (3 mo)
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13
Q

Dry Off

A
  • 60 days before calf is due
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14
Q

Calving

A
  • 280 days after breeding
  • 1 year after first calf is born
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15
Q

Bull Calves

A
  • sent off for harvesting
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16
Q

Cow Production Cycle

A
  • 305 day lactation (when they’re milked)
  • 45-60 day dry period
  • 1st calf at 2 yrs
  • mated at 15 mo
  • once she calves, she is open for 45-60 days before rebred
  • calves once a year (305d + 60d)
17
Q

Heifer

A
  • young female dairy bovine that has yet to give birth to a calf
18
Q

Bull

A
  • adult uncastrated male
19
Q

Lactating Cow

A
  • cow producing milk, usually for 305 days after birth
20
Q

Calf

A
  • young female dairy bovine before puberty
  • young male = bull calf
21
Q

Dry Cow

A
  • cow that is not producing milk
  • dry period lasts 45-60 days before calving
22
Q

Fresh Cow

A
  • cow that has recently given birth
23
Q

Springer

A
  • heifer within 2-3 mo of calving
  • belly and udder are “springing” into shape
24
Q

Strip Cups

A
  • to check for clinical mastitis
  • milk goes through screen into cup and clots – will stay on top of screen if clinical mastitis present
25
Q

CA Mastitis Test (CMT)

A
  • helps detect mastitis before clinical
  • includes paddle and mastitis test reagent
  • degree of gel formation indicates leucocyte count of milk
26
Q

Mastitis

A
  • infection within udder, typical due to bacterial infection that enters via teat canal
  • pathogens: contaminated bedding materials, mud, transfer from infected animals during milking procedures
  • detect through CMT (somatic cells in milk using reagent)
  • prevention: housing management, hygiene in milking parlor, culling of cows that are chronically infected
27
Q

Calves

A
  • should be in dry, draft-free housing
  • must receive colostrum for at least 1 day (preferably 2-3 days) to transfer immunity from dam to calf
28
Q

Scours

A
  • diarrhea in calves
  • can be deadly
  • caused by bacteria, viruses, environmental conditions, overfeeding, parasitism
  • leads to loss of water, sodium, and potassium; dehydration
29
Q

Dairy Cow External, Rumen, and Udder Anatomy

A
  • see lab manual pg. 47
30
Q

Udder

A
  • consists of 4 quarters
  • suspended by medial suspensory ligament
  • milk is removed from teats
  • epithelial cells lining alveoli secrete milk into hollow lumen of each alveolus
  • groups of alveoli = lobules
  • groups of lobules = lobes
  • milk travels from lumen of alveoli to gland cistern, then removed from teat cistern
31
Q

Puberty

A
  • 9-14 mo (heifers)
  • 10-12 mo (bulls)
32
Q

Estrous Cycle

A
  • 21 days (19-23 days)
  • polyestrous
33
Q

Estrus

A
  • 2.5-28 hours
34
Q

Signs of Heat

A
  • stands to be mounted, may mount other cows, highly vocal, nervousness, mucus discharge from vulva
35
Q

Gestation

A
  • 281 days avg
36
Q

Nutrition

A
  • roughages and concentrates
  • primary concern is to provide enough energy to produce large quantity of milk
  • dry cows fed hay or fresh pasture
37
Q

Feeding Rules of Thumb

A
  • feed a cow 3.5% DM of her body weight
  • 50% of DM should come from roughage
  • lactating cattle require 120-160 L of water per day
38
Q

Housing

A
  • housed intensively, though sometimes pastured on the coast
  • free-stall barns and dry lot corrals where cows are bedded on sand (CA, UCD)
  • calves in polydome plastic hutches
39
Q

Bloat

A
  • not considered actual disease, but can cause discomfort and death
  • signs: abnormal swelling on left side
  • legume pastures, alfalfa, and high-concentrate feeds are more likely to produce bloat
  • can be relieved by working animal, passing tube down esophagus, or puncturing rumen using trocar
40
Q

Milk Fever

A
  • occurs shortly after calving due to deficiency of calcium brought on by rapid demand for milk production
  • IV injection of calcium to treat
41
Q
A

ANS 1 (21 decks)

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