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ANS 1 > Chapter 20: Sheep > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Sheep Flashcards

1
Q

Sheep Rumen Volume

A
  • 20-22 L (5 gal)
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2
Q

Ram

A
  • intact, mature male sheep
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3
Q

Wether

A
  • male sheep castrated before reaching sexual maturity
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4
Q

Stag

A
  • male sheep castrated after reaching sexual maturity
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5
Q

Ewe

A
  • mature female sheep
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6
Q

Lamb

A
  • 9-15 mo old young sheep
  • male: ram lamb
  • female: ewe lamb
  • hogget: market animal that hasn’t reached full maturity
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7
Q

Jug

A
  • pen to keep lambing ewe and newborn lamb together
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8
Q

calorie

A
  • amount of energy needed to raise 1 g of H2O by 1 degree C
  • 4.19 J = 1 cal
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9
Q

Sheep Dentition

A
  • 0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3
  • incisors, canines, premolars, molars
  • total: 32 teeth
  • 1 pair of permanent teeth per year
  • only have top teeth at the back (molars)
  • dental pad on top of mouth for lower teeth to rest against
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10
Q

Diastema

A
  • gap where canine teeth should be
  • place to eject sticks, stones, seeds, pips, pits in grass
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11
Q

Saliva

A
  • produced by salivary glands
  • provides liquid and enzymes
  • sheep produce 10 L (2.5 gal)/day
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12
Q

Sheep Taxonomy

A

Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Caprinae
Genus: Ovis
Species: Ovis aries (descended from O. orientalis)

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13
Q

Taxonomy Defined

A
  • mammals have hair, produce milk
  • artiodactyla are even-toed animals (sheep have 2 toes)
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14
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • 54 (27 pairs)
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15
Q

Parturition

A
  • process of giving birth
  • for sheep: lambing
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16
Q

Domestication

A
  • 8000 BC for food
  • from Mouflon sheep (O. orientalis - Middle East)
  • 200 sheep breeds in world
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17
Q

Fleece

A
  • collective coat of wool
  • sheared annually
  • avg of 5 kg wool/sheep/shearing (12 lbs)
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18
Q

Diameter

A
  • measured in micrometers/microns
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19
Q

Fine Wool

A
  • <20 micrometers
  • high-quality
  • Merino, Rambouillet
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20
Q

Long Wool

A
  • > 30 micrometers
  • more coarse
  • used for rugs, carpets, heavy wool coats
  • Border Leicester, Coopworth, Romney
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21
Q

Medium Wool

A
  • 20 < x < 30 micrometers
  • dual purpose
  • Dorset, Hampshire, Shropshire
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22
Q

Long Wool/Carpet Wool Breeds

A
  • > 38 micrometers
  • Icelandic, Navajo
  • cooler climates
  • high yield, poor quality
  • used for carpets and rugs
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23
Q

Awassi Fat Tail Breed

A
  • 25% of world population, esp underdeveloped countries
  • big humps and tails full of fat
  • 5+ kg of fat in tail
  • useful for energy and fuel
  • adipocytes - fat cells
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24
Q

Katahdin, Barbados Breeds

A
  • shed hair
  • tropics
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25
Q

Dorper

A
  • medium wool
  • sheds, not good for wool production (hair + wool)
  • meat
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26
Q

Suffolk

A
  • meat production
  • sires of offspring to produce fat lambs
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27
Q

Jacob Sheep

A
  • 4 horns, spotted skin
  • genetic alterations in cells that make up hair, horns
  • ornamental
  • cottage industry
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28
Q

Sheep Distribution

A
  • TX has highest pop (feedlot ops)
  • 2nd is CA (breeding, processed in NorCal, 3rd is Colorado)
  • US: 5M sheep(used to be 40-50M)
  • China: 130M sheep
  • Aus and India: 70M sheep
  • NZ: 30M sheep
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29
Q

Reasons for US pop

A
  • less consumption of lamb
  • wool replaced by synthetic fibers
  • sheep in Midwest are breeding stock
  • offspring shipped to TX and feedlot system
  • separate production systems
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30
Q

Wool Properties

A
  • antibacterial
  • insulator (for houses too)
  • fire retardant
  • sustainable
  • durable
  • renewable
  • biodegradable
  • moisture-wicking
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31
Q

Wool Today

A
  • price of wool decreasing worldwide as popularity drops
  • used as house insulator, clothing, and in manufacturing
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32
Q

Staple

A
  • fiber length/fleece depth
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33
Q

Crimp

A
  • zigzag pattern on fleece hairs
  • affects ability to be woven into textiles
  • crimp interlocks w/ next crimp to stick hair fibers together
  • caused by cuticular scales
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34
Q

Fiber Cuticular Scales

A
  • wool grows continuously out of hair follicles
  • dead deposited cells push fiber up and cause fibers to grow in certain directions
  • paracortical cells and orthocortical cells make up follicles
35
Q

True Hair Fiber

A
  • has piloerector muscle
  • hair has more primary follicles
  • kemp/medullated fibers
36
Q

Secondary Follicles

A
  • true wool fibers
  • sheep can have these
  • more secondary follicles = higher quality wool/finer wool
  • Merino: 20 secondary follicles to 1 primary follicle
  • more secondary follicles means most of the sheep is wool, not hair
37
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A
  • on secondary follicles
  • produce lanolin
38
Q

Lanolin

A
  • oily, waxy, fatty secretion of sebaceous glands
  • on human skin too
  • comes onto wool as it grows
  • gives wool its oily feeling and unique smell
  • repels water
  • must be removed before dying/spinning wool in production
39
Q

Wool Contaminants

A
  • sticks, stones, burrs
  • reduce wool quality
  • nutrition, disease, state of sheep in general also affects wool quality
  • also why top of sheep produces best wool – not contaminated by dirt, feces, etc., that belly is
40
Q

Lamb Meat

A
  • in Aus and other parts of world: < 1 yr old (dentition-determined)
  • USA: “lamb” = break joint due to youth of animal
  • more challenging bcs break joint presence varies w/ age and nutrition
41
Q

Mutton Meat

A

USA: no break joint in foreshanks, spool joint instead

42
Q

Dentition Uses

A
  • once sheep >5-6yo, they start losing teeth
  • can tell disease w/ dentition
  • allows you to decide which range/pasture they belong to
43
Q

Food and Water Needs

A
  • 2.5 kg DM/day
  • 0.5-2 L H2O/day
44
Q

Reticulum Volume

A
  • 1.8 L (2 qt)
45
Q

Omasum Volume

A
  • 0.9 L (1 qt)
46
Q

Abomasum Volume

A
  • 2.7 L (4 qt)
47
Q

Seasonally Polyestrous

A
  • start to cycle in fall
  • short day breeders –> breed when photoperiod/day length is short
48
Q

Pregnancy Length

A
  • 150 days (5 mo)
  • lambing in April (more food available in spring)
49
Q

Manipulate Breeding

A
  • artificial lighting to induce cycle
  • hormone administration (endocrinology)
50
Q

Pregnancy

A
  • ewe usually about 18 mo old when first bred
  • body condition score (BCS): ewes have to have some fat, be in good shape
51
Q

Fecundity

A
  • number of lambs per ewe
  • might select for 2 offspring by breeding ewes and rams who give birth/sire more than 1 offspring
  • can’t select for too many offspring
  • increases efficiency, and flock grows faster generation by generation
52
Q

Puberty

A
  • hypothalamus releases hormones to ovaries to begin cycling in the fall
  • hypothalamus helps sheep sense shortening daylight
53
Q

Cycling Hormones

A
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
54
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

A
  • is present and plays its role before replaced by rising estrogen levels and ovulation
55
Q

Estrous Cycle

A
  • 16 days long
  • FSH develops follicles containing ovum
  • follicle ripens in ovary
  • estrogen leaves ovary - key for receptivity
  • if no ram, ovum is not fertilized and cycle restarts every 16 days
56
Q

Ovulation/Heat

A
  • ovum leaves ovary, released into fallopian tubes
  • high levels of estrogen in body
  • ovulation timed w/ behavioral changes to be receptive to ram
57
Q

Heat Detection

A
  • marking harness that ram wears and shows up on ewe’s back when he mounts
58
Q

Lordosis

A
  • standing still to be mounted/being receptive to male
  • refers to mounting behavior in animals like sheep
59
Q

Bicornuate Uterus

A
  • two equal tubes connected to 2 ovaries
  • stock of oocytes in ovary - all the eggs ewe has in her life
60
Q

Cotyledonary Placenta

A
  • sheep have cotyledonary placenta just like cattle
  • placenta has 100 cotyledons (mushroom-like structures) on surface of placenta where nutrient transfer from mom’s circulation to fetus’s circulation takes place
  • placenta arises from uterus
61
Q

Caruncle

A
  • maternal side of placenta
62
Q

Cotyledon

A
  • fetal side of placenta
63
Q

Finnish Landrace

A
  • sheep breed famous for high prolificacy
64
Q

Corpus Luteum (CL)

A
  • cells in ovary that form scar tissue where ovum released from ovary
  • CL cells release progesterone into blood
  • ovum goes down and is fertilized
65
Q

Progesterone

A
  • pregnancy hormone
  • high levels needed to maintain pregnancy
66
Q

Flehmen Response

A
  • rams smelling ewes’ pheromones
  • smell activates vomeronasal organ –> upper lip curls back
67
Q

Penile Structure

A
  • fibrous, not glandular
  • stays in body
  • penis controlled by retractor muscle that also acts on sigmoid flexure
  • pizzle
68
Q

Ejaculate

A
  • 1 mL that contains 1B spermatozoa
  • spermatogenesis in testes (meiosis) and sperm delivered thru vas deferens
  • check that sperm are alive, functional, not defective; keep pizzle clean
69
Q

Gametes

A
  • sperm or ovum
  • haploid cells (1n)
  • rest of body cells are diploid (2n)
70
Q

Finnish Landrace

A
  • known for high prolificacy
71
Q

Estrous Cycle Stages

A
  • diestrus/proestrus/follicular phase: folliculogenesis (forming of follicles that ripen and release ovum); blood estrogen levels rising
  • estrus: ovulation/heat
  • metestrus: blood progesterone levels stay elevated if pregnant, and lower if not pregnant to restart cycle
72
Q

Lamb Management

A
  • separate lambs and ID w/ ear tags
  • dock tails to avoid getting it matted w/ manure and urine
73
Q

Fly Strike

A
  • external parasite
  • flies land on matted manure-covered fleece, lay eggs, and maggots eat the broken, damaged skin
  • maggots release ammonium, which is toxic and potentially deadly to animals
  • might cause pizzle strike and affect backend of females
74
Q

Tapeworms

A
  • internal parasite
  • lives in gut and extracts nutrients
  • affects animal growth and can be shed through feces to infect dogs, humans
75
Q

Liver Flukes

A
  • internal parasite
  • populate liver and detrimental to health and growth of sheep
76
Q

Other Sheep Diseases

A
  • STDs
  • viruses, bacterial diseases
  • tetanus
  • can be vaccinated
77
Q

Sheep Predators

A
  • coyotes
  • mountain lions
  • birds of prey (large eagles)
78
Q

Prime Lambs

A
  • commercial market lambs
  • 50 kg (110 lbs)
79
Q

ADG

A
  • average daily gain
  • (ending bodyweight) - (start bodyweight) / (# of days)
80
Q

Wean, Feedlot ADG

A
  • 0.3 kg/day
81
Q

Wool Breeds

A
  • shearing
  • health management
  • mating
82
Q

Mature Sheep Weight

A
  • 140 kg
  • rams up to 200 kg
83
Q

Sheep Lifespan

A

10-12 yrs

ANS 1 (16 decks)

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