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ANS 1 > Chapter 20: Sheep > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Sheep Flashcards

1
Q

Sheep Rumen Volume

A
  • 20-22 L (5 gal)
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2
Q

Ram

A
  • intact, mature male sheep
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3
Q

Wether

A
  • male sheep castrated before reaching sexual maturity
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4
Q

Stag

A
  • male sheep castrated after reaching sexual maturity
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5
Q

Ewe

A
  • mature female sheep
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6
Q

Lamb

A
  • 9-15 mo old young sheep
  • male: ram lamb
  • female: ewe lamb
  • hogget: market animal that hasn’t reached full maturity
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7
Q

Jug

A
  • pen to keep lambing ewe and newborn lamb together
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8
Q

calorie

A
  • amount of energy needed to raise 1 g of H2O by 1 degree C
  • 4.19 J = 1 cal
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9
Q

Sheep Dentition

A
  • 0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3
  • incisors, canines, premolars, molars
  • total: 32 teeth
  • 1 pair of permanent teeth per year
  • only have top teeth at the back (molars)
  • dental pad on top of mouth for lower teeth to rest against
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10
Q

Diastema

A
  • gap where canine teeth should be
  • place to eject sticks, stones, seeds, pips, pits in grass
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11
Q

Saliva

A
  • produced by salivary glands
  • provides liquid and enzymes
  • sheep produce 10 L (2.5 gal)/day
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12
Q

Sheep Taxonomy

A

Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Caprinae
Genus: Ovis
Species: Ovis aries (descended from O. orientalis)

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13
Q

Taxonomy Defined

A
  • mammals have hair, produce milk
  • artiodactyla are even-toed animals (sheep have 2 toes)
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14
Q

Chromosomes

A
  • 54 (27 pairs)
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15
Q

Parturition

A
  • process of giving birth
  • for sheep: lambing
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16
Q

Domestication

A
  • 8000 BC for food
  • from Mouflon sheep (O. orientalis - Middle East)
  • 200 sheep breeds in world
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17
Q

Fleece

A
  • collective coat of wool
  • sheared annually
  • avg of 5 kg wool/sheep/shearing (12 lbs)
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18
Q

Diameter

A
  • measured in micrometers/microns
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19
Q

Fine Wool

A
  • <20 micrometers
  • high-quality
  • Merino, Rambouillet
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20
Q

Long Wool

A
  • > 30 micrometers
  • more coarse
  • used for rugs, carpets, heavy wool coats
  • Border Leicester, Coopworth, Romney
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21
Q

Medium Wool

A
  • 20 < x < 30 micrometers
  • dual purpose
  • Dorset, Hampshire, Shropshire
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22
Q

Long Wool/Carpet Wool Breeds

A
  • > 38 micrometers
  • Icelandic, Navajo
  • cooler climates
  • high yield, poor quality
  • used for carpets and rugs
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23
Q

Awassi Fat Tail Breed

A
  • 25% of world population, esp underdeveloped countries
  • big humps and tails full of fat
  • 5+ kg of fat in tail
  • useful for energy and fuel
  • adipocytes - fat cells
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24
Q

Katahdin, Barbados Breeds

A
  • shed hair
  • tropics
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25
Dorper
- medium wool - sheds, not good for wool production (hair + wool) - meat
26
Suffolk
- meat production - sires of offspring to produce fat lambs
27
Jacob Sheep
- 4 horns, spotted skin - genetic alterations in cells that make up hair, horns - ornamental - cottage industry
28
Sheep Distribution
- TX has highest pop (feedlot ops) - 2nd is CA (breeding, processed in NorCal, 3rd is Colorado) - US: 5M sheep(used to be 40-50M) - China: 130M sheep - Aus and India: 70M sheep - NZ: 30M sheep
29
Reasons for US pop
- less consumption of lamb - wool replaced by synthetic fibers - sheep in Midwest are breeding stock - offspring shipped to TX and feedlot system - separate production systems
30
Wool Properties
- antibacterial - insulator (for houses too) - fire retardant - sustainable - durable - renewable - biodegradable - moisture-wicking
31
Wool Today
- price of wool decreasing worldwide as popularity drops - used as house insulator, clothing, and in manufacturing
32
Staple
- fiber length/fleece depth
33
Crimp
- zigzag pattern on fleece hairs - affects ability to be woven into textiles - crimp interlocks w/ next crimp to stick hair fibers together - caused by cuticular scales
34
Fiber Cuticular Scales
- wool grows continuously out of hair follicles - dead deposited cells push fiber up and cause fibers to grow in certain directions - paracortical cells and orthocortical cells make up follicles
35
True Hair Fiber
- has piloerector muscle - hair has more primary follicles - kemp/medullated fibers
36
Secondary Follicles
- true wool fibers - sheep can have these - more secondary follicles = higher quality wool/finer wool - Merino: 20 secondary follicles to 1 primary follicle - more secondary follicles means most of the sheep is wool, not hair
37
Sebaceous Glands
- on secondary follicles - produce lanolin
38
Lanolin
- oily, waxy, fatty secretion of sebaceous glands - on human skin too - comes onto wool as it grows - gives wool its oily feeling and unique smell - repels water - must be removed before dying/spinning wool in production
39
Wool Contaminants
- sticks, stones, burrs - reduce wool quality - nutrition, disease, state of sheep in general also affects wool quality - also why top of sheep produces best wool -- not contaminated by dirt, feces, etc., that belly is
40
Lamb Meat
- in Aus and other parts of world: < 1 yr old (dentition-determined) - USA: "lamb" = break joint due to youth of animal - more challenging bcs break joint presence varies w/ age and nutrition
41
Mutton Meat
USA: no break joint in foreshanks, spool joint instead
42
Dentition Uses
- once sheep >5-6yo, they start losing teeth - can tell disease w/ dentition - allows you to decide which range/pasture they belong to
43
Food and Water Needs
- 2.5 kg DM/day - 0.5-2 L H2O/day
44
Reticulum Volume
- 1.8 L (2 qt)
45
Omasum Volume
- 0.9 L (1 qt)
46
Abomasum Volume
- 2.7 L (4 qt)
47
Seasonally Polyestrous
- start to cycle in fall - short day breeders --> breed when photoperiod/day length is short
48
Pregnancy Length
- 150 days (5 mo) - lambing in April (more food available in spring)
49
Manipulate Breeding
- artificial lighting to induce cycle - hormone administration (endocrinology)
50
Pregnancy
- ewe usually about 18 mo old when first bred - body condition score (BCS): ewes have to have some fat, be in good shape
51
Fecundity
- number of lambs per ewe - might select for 2 offspring by breeding ewes and rams who give birth/sire more than 1 offspring - can't select for too many offspring - increases efficiency, and flock grows faster generation by generation
52
Puberty
- hypothalamus releases hormones to ovaries to begin cycling in the fall - hypothalamus helps sheep sense shortening daylight
53
Cycling Hormones
- luteinizing hormone (LH) - follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
54
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
- is present and plays its role before replaced by rising estrogen levels and ovulation
55
Estrous Cycle
- 16 days long - FSH develops follicles containing ovum - follicle ripens in ovary - estrogen leaves ovary - key for receptivity - if no ram, ovum is not fertilized and cycle restarts every 16 days
56
Ovulation/Heat
- ovum leaves ovary, released into fallopian tubes - high levels of estrogen in body - ovulation timed w/ behavioral changes to be receptive to ram
57
Heat Detection
- marking harness that ram wears and shows up on ewe's back when he mounts
58
Lordosis
- standing still to be mounted/being receptive to male - refers to mounting behavior in animals like sheep
59
Bicornuate Uterus
- two equal tubes connected to 2 ovaries - stock of oocytes in ovary - all the eggs ewe has in her life
60
Cotyledonary Placenta
- sheep have cotyledonary placenta just like cattle - placenta has 100 cotyledons (mushroom-like structures) on surface of placenta where nutrient transfer from mom's circulation to fetus's circulation takes place - placenta arises from uterus
61
Caruncle
- maternal side of placenta
62
Cotyledon
- fetal side of placenta
63
Finnish Landrace
- sheep breed famous for high prolificacy
64
Corpus Luteum (CL)
- cells in ovary that form scar tissue where ovum released from ovary - CL cells release progesterone into blood - ovum goes down and is fertilized
65
Progesterone
- pregnancy hormone - high levels needed to maintain pregnancy
66
Flehmen Response
- rams smelling ewes' pheromones - smell activates vomeronasal organ --> upper lip curls back
67
Penile Structure
- fibrous, not glandular - stays in body - penis controlled by retractor muscle that also acts on sigmoid flexure - pizzle
68
Ejaculate
- 1 mL that contains 1B spermatozoa - spermatogenesis in testes (meiosis) and sperm delivered thru vas deferens - check that sperm are alive, functional, not defective; keep pizzle clean
69
Gametes
- sperm or ovum - haploid cells (1n) - rest of body cells are diploid (2n)
70
Finnish Landrace
- known for high prolificacy
71
Estrous Cycle Stages
- diestrus/proestrus/follicular phase: folliculogenesis (forming of follicles that ripen and release ovum); blood estrogen levels rising - estrus: ovulation/heat - metestrus: blood progesterone levels stay elevated if pregnant, and lower if not pregnant to restart cycle
72
Lamb Management
- separate lambs and ID w/ ear tags - dock tails to avoid getting it matted w/ manure and urine
73
Fly Strike
- external parasite - flies land on matted manure-covered fleece, lay eggs, and maggots eat the broken, damaged skin - maggots release ammonium, which is toxic and potentially deadly to animals - might cause pizzle strike and affect backend of females
74
Tapeworms
- internal parasite - lives in gut and extracts nutrients - affects animal growth and can be shed through feces to infect dogs, humans
75
Liver Flukes
- internal parasite - populate liver and detrimental to health and growth of sheep
76
Other Sheep Diseases
- STDs - viruses, bacterial diseases - tetanus - can be vaccinated
77
Sheep Predators
- coyotes - mountain lions - birds of prey (large eagles)
78
Prime Lambs
- commercial market lambs - 50 kg (110 lbs)
79
ADG
- average daily gain - (ending bodyweight) - (start bodyweight) / (# of days)
80
Wean, Feedlot ADG
- 0.3 kg/day
81
Wool Breeds
- shearing - health management - mating
82
Mature Sheep Weight
- 140 kg - rams up to 200 kg
83
Sheep Lifespan
10-12 yrs

ANS 1 (21 decks)

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