Horse Lab Flashcards
1
Q
Species Name
A
- Equus caballus
2
Q
Hotbloods
A
- Thouroughbreds and Arabians
3
Q
Warmbloods
A
- Trakehners and Friesians
4
Q
Coldbloods
A
- Clydesdales and Belgians
5
Q
Bay
A
- brown body with black mane, tail, and lower legs
6
Q
Black
A
- true blacks have no brown areas, including on the muzzle/flanks
7
Q
Chestnut
A
- red horse w/ a mane and tail close to same shade as the body
8
Q
Sorrel
A
- similar to a chestnut
- flaxen mane and tail
9
Q
White
A
- born white and stays white throughout its life
- has pink skin
10
Q
Gray
A
- born any color, gradually graying until completely white
- has black skin
11
Q
Buckskin
A
- yellow body with black mane, tail, and legs
12
Q
Dun
A
- similar to buckskin
- with a dorsal stripe down the spine
13
Q
Palomino
A
- golden color body with light (almost white or flaxen) mane and tail
14
Q
Overo
A
- a color pattern
- white will not cross the back between the withers and tail
- white spots are irregular or splashy
- tail is generally one color
15
Q
Tobiano
A
- a color pattern
- head markings are like those of a solid-colored horse
- spots are often rounded
- tail is frequently two colors
16
Q
Roan
A
- white hairs intermingled with one or more basic coat colors
17
Q
Walk
A
- a 4-beat gait
- all 4 feet strike the ground independently of one another
1. left hind hoof
2. left fore
3. right hind
4. right fore
18
Q
Trot
A
- a 2-beat gait
- each pair of diagonal feet hit and leave the ground in unison
- all 4 feet are suspended off the ground between beats
19
Q
Canter
A
- a 3-beat gait
- 2 diagonal feet strike the ground strike the ground simultaneously, with the other feet hitting the ground independently
- for example, if the lead is to the left, the sequence of beats is:
1. right hind
2. left hind and right fore
3. left fore, - followed by a period of suspension
- lope is another word for canter
20
Q
Gallop
A
- a 4-beat gait
- if the lead is to the left, the sequence of beats is:
1. right hind
2. left hind
3. right fore
4. left fore, - followed by a period of suspension
21
Q
Pace
A
- a 2-beat gait
- the lateral feet hit the ground simultaneously
- w/ a suspension period between beats
22
Q
Hand to Inches
A
- 1 hand = 4 inches
23
Q
Light Horse Breeds
A
- generally used for riding, racing, or driving
- generally stand 14.2-17 hands high
- usually weigh 400-635 kg (900-1400 lbs)
24
Q
Heavy Horse Breeds
A
- also known as draft horses or “coldbloods”
- draft horses are wide, strong, and heavy
- usually weigh between 680-910 kg (1500-2000 lbs)
- heavy horse breeds generally stand 16-19 hands high
25
Feral Breeds
- there are descendants of domesticated horses that now exist as free-roaming horses and are often managed as wildlife
26
Gaited Breeds
- horse breeds that have been selectively bred for ambling gait tendencies
- sought after due to their smooth, easy ride, and intermediate speed
27
Pony Breeds
- ponies stand under 14.2 hands high, largely weighing between 225-400 kg (500-900 lbs)
- there are conformational differences between horses and ponies, a pony is not just a small/young horse
28
Donkeys, Asses, and Mules
- horse family Equidae
29
Thoroughbred
- light horse breed
- excel at racing, polo, hunter-jumper, etc.
- known for their fineness of conformation, high withers, and straight, long, well-muscled legs, and slight slope of croup
30
Quarter Horse
- light horse breed
- most popular breed in the US
- used as a stock horse, for racing, and pleasure riding
- can sprint short distances faster than any other breed
- well-muscled, with small ears, wide-set eyes and sloping shoulder, with a broad chest and hindquarters
31
Arabian
- light horse breed
- used as show horses, for endurance, racing, and pleasure riding
- has a pronounced dished face, prominent forehead, large eyes, and short, flat croup
32
Morgan
- light horse breed
- known for their endurance, manageability, and versatility
- generally a smaller breed of light horse
- 14.1-15.2 hands
- what Hovey owns
33
Appaloosa
- light horse breed
- coat color pattern
- mottled skin
- white sclera of the eye
- vertical black and white striped hooves
- to be eligible for regular registration, an Appaloosa must have a recognizable coat pattern or mottled skin, and one other characteristic
- otherwise, they are considered "non-characteristic"
34
Clydesdale
- heavy horse breed
- a Scottish breed made famous in the US by Budweiser
- bay is the most common color, usually with white leg and face markings, and feathered legs
- traditionally used for farm work
- now used for show, driving, or pleasure riding
35
Percheron
- heavy horse breed
- originated in France
- mainly black or gray in color
- some of the larger Percherons can be 19 hands high and weigh 1180 kg (2600 lbs)
36
Belgian
- heavy horse breed
- originated in Belgium
- bay, chestnut, and roan are the most common colors
- most Belgians have a flaxen mane and tail with a white blaze on the face
37
Australian Brumby
- feral breed
- descendants of escaped or lost horses belonging to early European settlers, now mostly found in the Northern Territory
- group of brumbies: "mob"
38
American Mustang
- feral breed
- descendants of horses brought to America by Columbus in 1493 (on his second voyage)
- the "Wild Horse Annie Act" of 1971 resulted in the protection of mustangs by the US Federal Government
- group of mustangs: "band"
39
Tennessee Walking Horse
- gaited breed
- unique, 4-beat running walk
- calm disposition, sure-footed with flashy movement
40
Icelandic Horse
- gaited breed
- originated in Iceland; often highlighted in Norse myths
- very small, hardy horses that exhibit two unique gaits: the tolt and the flying pace
41
Shetland Pony
- pony breed
- used for riding by children or as harness horses
- 4 types: foundation, classic, modern, and modern pleasure
- the maximum height is 11.2 hands
42
Welsh Pony
- pony breed
- rugged and self-reliant, these ponies were developed to withstand the harsh winters of their native Wales
- 4 types:
1. Welsh Mountain Pony (Section A, max height 12 hands)
2. Welsh Pony (Section B)
3. Welsh Pony of Cob Type (Section C)
4. Welsh Cob (Section D, minimum height 13.2 hands)
43
Pony of the Americas (POA)
- pony breed
- a versatile, popular breed, the POA is basically a small horse w/ Appaloosa coloring and features
- stands between 11.2-14 hands high
44
Donkeys (Equus asinus)
- used as a beast of burden for more than 5000 years
- in the US, donkeys are grouped by type
- Standard, Large Standard, Mammoth, Miniature
45
Onagers (Asiaric Wild Ass)
- Equus hemionus
- unique equids in that they have never been domesticated
- onagers are social animals and can thrive in large groups called "harems"
- fertile, although becoming more endangered
46
Mules (Equus asinus x Equus caballus)
- result of the mating of male donkey and female horse
- mating a male horse to a female donkey is a hinny
- although generally infertile, a few females have successfully mated w/ purebred horses or donkeys
47
Stallion
- mature, intact male horse
48
Mare
- mature female horse
49
Foal
- young horse
- male: colt
- female: filly
50
Gelding
- castrated male horse
51
Jack
- male donkey
52
Jenny (or Jennet)
- female donkey
53
John
- male mule
54
Molly
- female mule
55
Conformation
- how structure relates to function
56
Back
- should be level and neither too short nor too long, to support weight on its back easily
57
Shoulder
- should be long and at an angle (slope) of about 45-55 degrees
- this allows for greater length of stride (distance from where one foot leaves the ground to where it touches again) and consequently less strides for any distance covered (more efficient)
- shoulder slope measured from angle that spine of shoulder blade makes with an imaginary horizontal line that is drawn through the shoulder point
58
Forearm
- should be long
- allows for long stride and places knees closer to ground for better balance
59
Cannon
- should be short
- also keeps knees and hocks closer to ground and the horse balanced
60
Hindquarters
- the motor of the horses
- if hip to hock is long and the croup fairly flat, the animal will have a flowing stride w/ sufficient power
- a steeper croup will give the animal more accelerative power, but if too extreme a choppy hard stride will result and the horse will lose power
61
Pasterns
- should be moderately long and moderately sloping
- if too straight, there will be no shock absorption and will have rough gaits
- if too sloping, ligament and tendon strain will result
62
Anatomy
- see lab manual pg. 70
63
Breeding
- apart from racing thoroughbreds, use AI usually
- AI allows for wider selection of stallion, improved pregnancy rates, and improved safety for the mare, stallion, and handlers
64
Hind-Gut Fermenters
- horses have microbial digestion occurring in cecum and colon
- high fiber diet is digestible, but needs to be balanced for all nutrients, esp protein
- since most nutrient absorption is in small intestine before the microbial fermentation, the horse can't utilize the microbes as a major protein source
65
Curry Comb
- made of rubber or metal
- round and used in circular motion when grooming the horse
- generally not used below the hocks and knees
- will remove caked-on dirt, loose hair, and mud
66
Dandy Brush
- stiff, short-bristled brush
- used after curry comb when grooming
- brush in short, strong strokes in the direction of the hair
- can be used on all parts of the body, being careful on the lower legs
67
Body Brush
- has longer, softer bristles than the stiff brush and can be used on the face and ears
68
Mane and Tail Comb/Brush
- used to groom the mane and tail
69
Hoof Pick
- to remove stones and dirt rom the hooves
- check hoof at same time for thrush, bruises, nails, etc.
70
Sweat Scraper
- removes excess sweat after exercise and water after bathing
71
Shedding Blade
- removes old hair
- useful for shedding out winter coat
72
Float
- dental rasp used to file down hooks on teeth of the horse
73
Twitch
- used to restrain horse when necessary
- various types
74
Saddles, Bridles, Bits
- see lab manual pg. 72
75
Quick-Release Knot
- recommended knot for tying horse to fixed object
- can be quickly untied in an emergency
- also used for cattle and other livestock
76
Approaching and Handling Horses
- prey animals w/ strong fight or flight response
- remain calm and steady
- never approach horse from behind; approach at the shoulder
- talk to the horse to avoid spooking
- never stand directly in front or behind a horse
- don't wrap lead rope around your hand to avoid being dragged by the horse
77
Blind Spot
- directly in front of them and to their rear
