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ANS 1 > Lab Animals - Mice > Flashcards

Lab Animals - Mice Flashcards

1
Q

UCD

A
  • used to have largest amount of lab animals
  • important for resarch
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2
Q

US Lab Animals

A
  • 20M lab animals used per yr
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3
Q

US Animal Fatality Causes

A
  • # 1 = use of animals for human consumption
  • # 2 = roadkill (360M)
  • # 3 = hunting
  • relatively small amount of animals used for research, but still significant
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4
Q

Why Rodents

A
  • docile, easy to handle
  • mammals
  • short generation interval, high prolificacy/fecundity/litter size
  • a lot of genetic mutations/mouse genome sequenced very early on
  • cheap (housing, higher stocking density, less real estate required)
  • once mice used as established model, continued to be mainstay of research (once investigator uses it for research, people use that as basis for future research)
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5
Q

Mice Class

A
  • Mammalia
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6
Q

Mice Order

A
  • Rodentia
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7
Q

Mice Family

A
  • Muridae
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8
Q

Mice Subfamily

A
  • Murinae
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9
Q

Mice Genus

A
  • Mus
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10
Q

Mice Species

A
  • house mouse: Mus musculus
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11
Q

House Mouse Chromosomes

A
  • 40
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12
Q

Dental Formula

A
  • 1/1, 0/0, 0/0, 3/3
  • only 1 pair of incisors and 3 pairs of molars
  • no canines or premolars
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13
Q

Malocclusion

A
  • overgrown teeth
  • mouse teeth grow at 2 mm per week
  • need access to gnawing things extensively to prevent malocclusion
  • “rodent” = “rodentaire” = “to gnaw”
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14
Q

Mouse Diet

A
  • omnivorous in wild, plant-based in lab
  • economic
  • plant-based diet also quality controlled to avoid more things messing up your experiment and standardize diets among different research
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15
Q

Digestion and Diet

A
  • monogastric
  • cecum
  • coprophagic (eating feces to access vitamins)
  • 10% of diet is feces
  • ingest feces 6+ times per day
  • means of transferring microbes between individuals (eating each others’ feces –> gut microbiomes reflect the other’s)
  • study on making mice deficient in folic acid had to kill off folic-acid producing microbes first bcs mice would just eat feces and get folic acid
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16
Q

Nude Mouse

A
  • no hair
  • athymic nude mouse
  • thymus organ grows immune cells
  • natural mutation in these mouse made them not have an immune system (no functional thymus, don’t make t-cells, no immune response)
  • used to compare effects of pathogens on mice w/ immune system vs athymic mice
  • also used bcs they don’t reject transplants from other species
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17
Q

Antigen

A
  • molecule to which antibody is raised w/in or made w/in your body
  • vaccines put antigens in body, body develops immune response, and antibodies are formed that recognize those antigens
  • nude mice can’t make antibodies
  • can transplant human tissues/tumors into mouse; mouse won’t reject transplants bcs no immune system
  • can change mouse diet, drugs, lifestyle to see what helps
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18
Q

Ob Mouse

A
  • Ob = obesity
  • use of genetic mutations/studying genetic basis for disease
  • have mutation that means they can’t produce leptin
  • mice won’t stop eating and get obese
  • important for studying bio of fat synthesis and brain regulation of food intake
  • important due to current obesity epidemic
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19
Q

Leptin

A
  • produced by fat cells
  • tells body when to stop eating once energy needs have been overstepped
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20
Q

Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV)

A
  • cancer-causing virus that helps us understand human cancer-causing viruses (hepatitis, HPV)
  • mouse w/ MMTV tumor had pups
  • pups who drank milk from that mouse had the virus and the tumors
  • virus is shed in milk (pups w/out that milk were tumor-free)
  • discovery of virus particles, and their passage/shedding studied
21
Q

California Mice Species

A
  • Peromyscus californicus
  • native to CA
  • monogamous
  • important in understanding brain dev/behavior and fidelity (why individuals commit to each other)
22
Q

C57/B16 Mice

A
  • strain of Mus musculus
  • voluntarily consumes alcohol
  • used to understand disease, alcoholism, physiology, susceptibility to obesity on different types of diets
  • syngeneic/inbred strain
23
Q

Balb/c Mice

A
  • strain of Mus musculus
  • albino
  • sensitive to carcinogens
  • Prop 65 warnings - chemicals tested, often on mice, that have been shown to cause cancer
  • syngeneic/inbred strain
24
Q

Carcinogens

A
  • chemicals or insults (radiation) that cause cancer
25
Q

Inbred or Syngeneic

A
  • populations with individuals who are genetically identical to each other
  • important for histocompatibility (no rejection of tissues)
  • basis for understanding immune system (no rejection of cross-shared/transplanted specimens among genetically identical organisms)
  • also means that any phenotypic variation is due to environmental factors bcs genotype/genome is fixed/identical/standardized among the subjects
  • no variability during breeding (no need for Punnett squares)
26
Q

Nocturnal Behavior

A
  • in behavior and breeding
  • for mice in colony, light is manipulated and controlled so that they have dark cycle that they can be active during
27
Q

Mice Puberty

A
  • 5-6 weeks
28
Q

Mice Estrous Cycle

A
  • 4-5 days
  • can be synchronized using Whitten effect and/or Lee-Boot effect
29
Q

Whitten Effect

A
  • bedding from male housing is soaked w/ urine and the male pheromones bring all the females into estrus 3 days later
30
Q

Lee-Boot Effect

A
  • group-housing females synchs them up into persistent diestrus
31
Q

Polyestrous

A
  • mice are polyestrous and cycle throughout the year
  • even though they are in enclosed housing with no external windows/natural light, they are sensitive to day length and weather
  • slightly better breeders in spring
  • very sensitive body clock
32
Q

Mating System

A
  • harem
  • one male breeding multiple females
33
Q

Coital/Seminal Plug

A
  • plug of seminal material left at external part of vulva (large, hard, crusty, white)
  • check females every morning for seminal plug to determine if they have been inseminated and predict pregnancies
34
Q

Mice Gestation

A
  • 18-20 days
35
Q

Mice Litters

A
  • pups
  • size of litter depends on strain and number of parities (pregnancies) that female has had
  • 6-16+ pups
36
Q

Bruce Effect

A
  • introduce another male to pregnant female to stimulate abortion
  • how to get rid of unwanted pregnancy or synch female mice
  • Bruce effect blocks progesterone activity –> abortion –> restarts cycle
37
Q

Mice Weaning

A
  • 21 days
38
Q

During Lactation

A
  • no lactational anestrous in mice (can keep cycling while lactating)
  • can be rebred 1-2 days after giving birth
  • why mice can be pests quickly
39
Q

Pup Thermoregulation

A
  • pups are unable to thermoregulate
  • mice crouch over their pups to warm them
  • pups break down brown adipose tissue to generate heat (common in other species with undeveloped young)
40
Q

White Adipose Tissue

A
  • typical fat tissue (like in meat marbling, etc.)
41
Q

Brown Adipose Tissue

A
  • very active mitochondria that breaks down the brown adipose cells and releases heat
  • important for thermoregulation
42
Q

Pup Development

A
  • hair formation: 2-4 days
  • eyes open: after 16 days
43
Q

Genetic Manipulation

A
  • mice key for this research
  • modifying genome of an individual
  • done in rodents to mimic human diseases
  • a lot of diseases have genetic mutation component (breast cancer, ovarian cancer, dwarfism
  • can rebuild those genetic mutations in mice
44
Q

Transgenic Individual

A
  • take gene from another organism and transfer into a mouse
  • might want to produce a protein in that mouse and ask what happens
  • might transfer cancer-causing genes (MMTV)
  • might transfer things like GFP gene
  • might knock out a gene
  • CRISPR
45
Q

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Gene

A
  • won Nobel Prize for this research
  • at bottom of ocean, jellyfish w/ UV light shined on them glowed green
  • scientists found that gene and put it into other organisms (mice) to make fluorescent protein appear in other organisms
46
Q

Knockout Mouse

A
  • knock out a gene from a genome of a mouse and see what happens
  • have knocked out Growth Hormone (GH) protein gene, which is responsible for bone growth, size incr, etc.
  • knockout mouse much smaller
47
Q

Genotypes for Knockout Mice

A

+/+ = wild type/normal (homozygous; no modifications/missing alleles
-/- = knockout (homozygous; both alleles have been removed)
+/- = heterozygous (1 normal allele, 1 missing allele

48
Q

CRISPR

A
  • molecular scissors
  • can cut out or add in pieces of DNA
  • can modify single nucleotides (A, T, C, G)
  • very efficient (used to have to put DNA in blastocyst to genetically engineer mice - time-consuming, laborious, expensive)
  • CRISPR more precise, fast, cheaper
  • can use in a bunch of different species
  • has been purified from bacteria and then used to modify organisms (CRISPRed cows that grow without horns)
49
Q

Research Regulations

A
  • regulated by oversight committees
  • IACUC = Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
  • anyone that receives gov’t money for research is regulated by IACUC
    IACUC protocol = documents that outline animal use for research and education
  • justify animals being bred, handled – has to be for greater good/purpose; has to keep animal welfare in mind

ANS 1 (20 decks)

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