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ANS 1 > Beef Cattle Lab > Flashcards

Beef Cattle Lab Flashcards

1
Q

Black Angus

A
  • black coat
    -excellent mothering ability
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2
Q

Red Angus

A
  • always red and polled
  • homozygous recessive for red coat color
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3
Q

Hereford

A
  • horned or polled
  • red body, white face
  • well-suited for extensive range conditions
  • highly fertile
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4
Q

Shorthorn

A
  • red, white, or roan
  • polled and horned
  • dual-purpose breed
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5
Q

Brahman

A
  • heat tolerant
  • light coat, dark skin, sleek coat = good for heat
  • shoulder hump, droopy ears, excess skin in throat and dewlap
  • from India
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6
Q

Brangus

A
  • 5/8 Angus, 3/8 Brahman
  • now considered purebred
  • heat tolerant Black Angus
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7
Q

Limousin

A
  • golden
  • muscled
  • from France
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8
Q

Charolais

A
  • white
  • horned or polled
  • from France
  • muscled
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9
Q

Simmental

A
  • white face w/ red and white coat (red from dark red –> yellow)
  • horned or polled
  • rapid growth rate
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10
Q

Longhorn

A
  • multicolored w/ long horns
  • hardy under harsh conditions
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11
Q

Chianina

A
  • white, black eyes
  • tall, large
  • mature bulls weigh >3,000 lbs
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12
Q

Gelbvieh

A
  • red, golden
  • known for growth and muscling
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13
Q

Bos indicus

A
  • hotter climates
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14
Q

Bos taurus

A
  • cooler climates
  • Europe, Asia, Africa
  • Limousin, Charolais
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15
Q

Crossbred Animals

A
  • used in commercial beef production
  • Hereford (hardy) x Angus (temperate); also called “black baldy” (better milkers, more productive under avg conditions)
  • Brahman x Hereford (hot areas)
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16
Q

“Terminal Sires”

A
  • larger European breeds used to increase growth rate or muscling of calves
  • Charolais, Simmental, Limousin
  • some heifers kept as cows – larger calves produced
  • cost more to feed, less hardy
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17
Q

Dehorning

A
  • to protect animals, humans, and prevent meat bruising
  • use local anesthesia to avoid major distress to animal
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18
Q

Beef Production Stats

A
  • largest segment of ag industries
  • 17% of all farm marketing
  • 38% total cash receipts from livestock and poultry products
  • TX leading in beef production in US
  • beef production decreasing in US, but increasing in developing world
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19
Q

Cow-Calf Operations

A
  • breeding, gestation, calving, weaning
  • 6-8 mo
  • ## based on range and pastureland
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20
Q

Yearling-stocker Operations

A
  • cattle enter at 225 kg, exit at 400 kg
  • gain 1 kg a day
  • extensive systems
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21
Q

Feedlot Operations

A
  • cattle are “finished”
  • exit operation at 650 kg
  • gain 1.4-1.8 kg/day
  • 14-22 mo
  • more intensive than cow-calf
  • utilize grains to finish cattle
22
Q

Beef Cattle Production Cycle

A
  • see lab manual pg. 35
23
Q

Bull

A
  • intact, mature male bovine
24
Q

Cow

A
  • mature female bovine
25
Q

Calf

A
  • young bovine (male - bullock, female - heifer)
26
Q

Steer

A
  • male castrated before sexual maturity
27
Q

Stag

A
  • male castrated after sexual maturity
28
Q

Flight Zone

A
  • minimum distance animal will maintain between itself and perceived threat
  • animal will move if in flight zone
  • flight zones are individual, can change over time
  • direction of movement dependent upon your location relative to point of balance
  • behind shoulder, she’ll move forward
  • ahead shoulder, she’ll move back
29
Q

Anatomy of a Steer

A
  • see lab manual pg. 36
30
Q

Ruminant Digestive Tract

A
  • see lab manual pg. 37
31
Q

Breeding

A
  • generally natural service
  • 5-10% artificial insemination
32
Q

Puberty

A
  • bulls: 9-12 mo
  • heifers: 9-14 mo
33
Q

Weight at Puberty

A
  • ~300 kg (660 lbs)
34
Q

Estrous Cycle

A
  • 19-23 days (avg 21 days)
  • polyestrous (more than 1 estrous cycle/yr)
35
Q

Estrus Period

A
  • 12-20 hrs
36
Q

Signs of Heat

A
  • stands to be mounted, may mount other cows, highly vocal, nervousness, mucus discharge from vulva
37
Q

Ovulation

A
  • 12-15 hrs after onset of estrus
38
Q

Gestation

A
  • avg 281 days
  • longer in larger breeds
39
Q

Applied Nutrition

A
  • ruminants
  • survive on roughages
  • mostly kept on pasture/range for cow/calf and stocker (bone growth) ops
  • feedlot: meat and fat dev –> grain used
  • don’t need as high-quality a protein source bcs microbes are protein
  • ration hays: alfalfa, oat
    grains: corn, barley, supplements (molasses, minerals)
40
Q

Feeding

A
  • 2% body weight is fed as hay/day
  • silage: 3x hay (wet basis)
  • grazing: 4.5-9 gal water/day
  • fattening: 8-9 gal water/day
  • lactating beef: 10-25 gal water/day
41
Q

Housing

A
  • protect cattle from wind, rain, cold, heat
  • windbreaks in the cold
  • shade in summer, especially trees
  • cattle in feedlots need 30-50 sq ft of shade per cow
  • 40-50 sq ft for each mature animal
  • 20-24 sq ft of feed bunk
42
Q

Health

A
  • vaccines and drugs overseen by Vet Feed Directive and highly regulated
  • only medically important antimicrobial drugs are administered to livestock
43
Q

Grass Tetany

A
  • magnesium blood serum levels are low due to magnesium deficiencies in feed (pasture or forages)
44
Q

Footrot

A
  • swelling and lameness due to sub- or acute necrotic disease in at least one foot
45
Q

Calf Processing

A

castration, dehorning, and branding occur at early age (around weaning)
- grouped to alleviate stress of handling

46
Q

Hybrid Vigor

A
  • breeding strategy to increase performance advantage of animals by introducing crossbreeding
47
Q

Alfalfa, Soybeans, Peas, Clover, Beans

A
  • legume
  • can fix N2 out of atmosphere in ammonia
  • N used to make protein
  • makes legumes high in protein
  • some alfalfa plants can have 2-4 m roots (water content)
  • rizobium nodule to fix nitrogen
  • kept in crop for 3-5 yrs
  • optimal nutrient content: before flowering stage/ in the vegetative state
  • relative of clover
  • lot of structural material like lignin and stems – hard to dry plant
48
Q

Hay

A
  • moisture content has to be low enough to avoid fungus and mold
  • avoid bacteria that causes spontaneous combustion and hay fires
49
Q

Swather

A
  • cuts alfalfa to make hay
  • rollers called conditioners crimped alfalfa to dry it for hay (50% water to 13%)
  • conditioners smash plant to dry it
  • 7 cuts of alfalfa
  • April to September; enough growth to survive winter
50
Q

Raking Hay

A
  • first thing in the morning bcs dried alfalfa brittle, leaves falling off -morning dew makes plant more flexible
  • also, breaking process brings material into single row to make baling process more efficient
  • raking brings alfalfa plants to top to dry undersides more thoroughly
  • if brittle, will break w/ cartwheeling motion
51
Q

Baling

A
  • done at night
  • need dew to soften it and keep leaves (most valuable part of alfalfa)
52
Q

Compacting Hay

A
  • hay goes into baling chamber that compacts it very quickly and densely’

ANS 1 (16 decks)

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