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541 (sex class) > Swine > Flashcards

Swine Flashcards

1
Q

what is a gilt?

A

female pig that hasn’t had first litter

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2
Q

what is a barrow?

A

castrated male pig

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3
Q

what is a sow?

A

female pig that has had at least 1 litter

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4
Q

what is a boar?

A

intact male pig

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5
Q

what is a teaser boar?

A

boar used for detecting heat, usually had vasectomy/epididymectomy

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6
Q

what is parity?

A

number of litters

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7
Q

what is non-productive days (NPD)?

A

time when sow is not pregnant or lactating

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of AI?

A

cervical, post cervical (PCAI)

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9
Q

what is abortion?

A

expulsion of fetus after 35 d but before 109day of gestation

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10
Q

what is a still born?

A

fully matured fetus but born dead, lungs don’t float in water/formalin

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11
Q

what is the cycle of pig repro as it pertains to mgmt? like how many days at weaning, then nursery, etc

A

weaning: 21-28d –> nursery (until 77d) –> gilt developer (140d) –> quarantine (180d) –> sow barn

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12
Q

when is puberty in pigs? what is the trend with this number?

A

190-210d
this number is trending lower

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13
Q

what is important to know about the epididymus of the boar?

A

tail is at the top (sedate, pain control, castrate at head of scrotum)

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14
Q

how long is the pig estrous cycle?

A

21 days

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15
Q

can you short cycle pigs?

A

nope

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16
Q

when can you induce estrus in pigs?

A

only 12d post ovulation (sensitive to prostaglandin after day 12)

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17
Q

how long is the follicular phase? what hormones are present

A

5-6 days
FSH + LH

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18
Q

how long is the luteal phase? what hormones are present?

A

15 days
E2, P4

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19
Q

when does E2 peak?

A

estrus

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20
Q

when does P4 peak?

A

luteal phase

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21
Q

should you breed on the first estrus?

A

no… called heat no service

fewer piglets for whole live, repro poor

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22
Q

what are the steps resulting in ovulation?

A

LH surge –> follicle produces P4 –> follicle wall weakens -> egg and astral fluid expelled into oviduct

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23
Q

when should you start boar exposure? why?

A

21-24 weeks old
critical in determining how productive she is in life

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24
Q

when should you start mating or collecting semen in boars at least 1x week?

A

older than 12 mo

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25
Q

what are the pros and cons to heat no serve?

A

pros: increased litter size, more follicles = more eggs

cons: older gilt at first breeding, higher cost of production, older = more cost and sooner culling

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26
Q

how long is estrus?

A

36-96h

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27
Q

what are the 3 phases of estrus?

A
  1. indicators of estrus begins (red + swelling of vulva, restlessness, voiding small bits of urine, smelling for boar)
  2. standing to boar = in heat = 48 hr (reddened vulva w/ watery mucous, doesn’t stand to handler)
  3. standing to back pressure test = 36hr (stands to both boar and handler, vulva less reddened mucus thicker and more lubricating)
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28
Q

what is the goal for cervical AI?

A

breed within 15 mins of standing heat

if not: wait 2 hours at least (refractory period)

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29
Q

egg survival?
sperm survival?

A

egg: 8h
sperm: 24h

30
Q

describe sperm transport in the female.

A

uterine muscle contractions (oxytocin bc boars are there)

up to 50% lost w back flow over 2 hr

uterine immune response removes remainder of sperm

31
Q

how long is gestation?

A

114-117d

32
Q

it is important to restrict movement until after _____ post-breeding.

A

21-35 d

33
Q

pregnancy must have ____ embryos to occur

A

4, at least

34
Q

for pregnancy to occur, there must be an E2 signal produced by day ____.

A

12

35
Q

what are regular and irregular returns?

A

how to tell that our breeding practices aren’t working

36
Q

what is the difference in days for regular and irregular returns?

A

regular: 17-24d
irregular: >24d

37
Q

what are some reasons for regular returns?

A
  • fertilization failure
  • embryo loss/degeneration (before day 10)
  • estrogenic mycotoxins
  • poor timing of insemination
  • ovarian/uterine dysfunction
38
Q

what does early regular return mean? what days does this occur?

A

complete failure of fertilization
18-21d

39
Q

what does late regular return mean? what days does this occur?

A

successful fertilization, unsuccessful implantation
21-24d

40
Q

what are some reasons for irregular returns?

A
  • death of embryos/failure of implantation
  • disease (PRRS, endometritis)
  • abortions
  • poor nutrition
41
Q

what is the goal in terms of returns?

A

> 60% returns to estrus between days 18-24

42
Q

what are 3 reasons for maternal abortion?

A
  • no infection (fall abortion syndrome)
  • local disease
  • systemic/organ disease
43
Q

what are 3 reasons for infectious abortions?

A
  • prostaglandin release –> luteolysis –> abortion (PRRS, SIV, CSF, Erysipelas)
  • maternal infection and crossing of placental barrier (PRRS, Aujeszky’s disease)
  • combo of the above (infected sow not affecting the piglets or pregnancy, but causes abortion)
44
Q

what are 2 reasons for fetal death (no abortion)?

A
  • parvovirus
  • crowding in uterus
45
Q

anything that causes prostaglandin release and crosses placental barrier causes ____.

A

abortion

46
Q

what is fall abortion syndrome?

A

more abortions during fall. no one knows why. pigs aren’t supposed to farrow in the fall

47
Q

how do you know when farrowing has started?

A

swollen vulva, swollen udder, restless, nesting behaviour

48
Q

piglets should come out every ____ normally

A

15-20 min

49
Q

when should you use oxytocin to induce contractions?

A

after no piglet for 40 mins

50
Q

what is important to know about oxytocin?

A

use sparingly!!! can cause trouble because it causes painful contractions

can prevent milk letdown because of pain

wait until half litter has been more, max 2-3 doses per farrowing

51
Q

list the types of insemination from most sperm cells to least sperm cells:
CAI, PCAI, natural

A

natural, CAI, PCAI

also from longest to shortest time for procedure to occur

52
Q

what does PG600 (gonadotropin) do

A

stimulates estrus
estrus 4-6 days after admin

53
Q

how can you induce estrus in pigs?

A

PG600 (gonadotropin)

54
Q

what does altrenogest do? (Regumate, altresyn, altermate)

A

synchronization: suppression of estrus

batch farrowing

removal of altrenogest= return to estrus in 5-7 days

55
Q

how can you suppress estrus in pigs?

A

altrenogest (Regumate, Altermate, Altresyn)

56
Q

what does Cloprostenol do in pigs? (Planate, estrumate, cloprostenol veyx)

A

induction of farrowing, response in 24-36h

57
Q

how can you induce farrowing in pigs?

A

cloprostenol (Planate, estrumate, cloprostenol veyx)

58
Q

what does oxytocin (Oxytosure) do?

A

can induce milk let down and induce contractions if used conservatively

small doses at multi periods (max 2-3 doses)

59
Q

how can you induce milk let down and contractions in pigs

A

oxytocin

60
Q

when can you use U/S to dx pregnancy in pigs?

A

week 4 + 8
amount of fluid in uterus

fluid shrinks between day 30-40 (lots o false negs)

61
Q

how can you use hormone concentrations to dx preg in pigs? what hormones?

A

PGF2alpha: <200pg/ml or undetectable 13-15d after mating

P4: 5ng/ml 17-24d after mating

62
Q

what are 3 ways to benchmark + performance report?

A
  • weaned piglets sow/year
  • regular vs irregular returns
  • predicting total born (wean to service interval & lactation length)
63
Q

how does lactation length correlate with piglet health and follicular development?

A

longer length = better for piglet, better follicular development

64
Q

what are the C/S of PCV2 (and PCV3?)

A

sows: pyrexia, lethargy, anorexia
abortions, stillborns, mummies, weak-born piglets, poor conception/farrowing rate

porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome

65
Q

what determines the severity of C/S of PCV2?

A

timing of infection

66
Q

tell me how timing of infection impacts the C/S of PCV2?

A

infected semen: successful conception –> mummies w myocardial lesions

early gestation: myocarditis-lie lesions, fetal death due to HF, mummies

late gestation: viremia, stillborn, weak born, live born

67
Q

is PCV2/PCV3 zoonotic?

A

nope

68
Q

how can you dx and prevent PCV2

A

dx: PCR, IHC
prevent: vaccine! (doesn’t cross protect with PCV3)

69
Q

what are the C/S of PRRS?

A

late term abortions, premature farrowing, weak-born piglets, increase pre-weaning mortality rate, resp C/S (pneumonia)

70
Q

what are the C/S of leptospirosis?

A

sows: off feed, mild fever, abortion, stillbirths, periods of infertility

young pigs: icterus + hemoglobinuria

71
Q

what are the C/S of erysipelas?

A

abortions (any stage), mummies, absorption/delayed returns

depression, high fevers, diamond-shaped skin lesions, lameness, endocarditis

72
Q

how can you tx erysipelas?

A

penicillin

541 (sex class) (22 decks)

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