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541 (sex class) > Swine > Flashcards

Swine Flashcards

1
Q

what is a gilt?

A

female pig that hasn’t had first litter

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2
Q

what is a barrow?

A

castrated male pig

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3
Q

what is a sow?

A

female pig that has had at least 1 litter

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4
Q

what is a boar?

A

intact male pig

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5
Q

what is a teaser boar?

A

boar used for detecting heat, usually had vasectomy/epididymectomy

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6
Q

what is parity?

A

number of litters

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7
Q

what is non-productive days (NPD)?

A

time when sow is not pregnant or lactating

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of AI?

A

cervical, post cervical (PCAI)

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9
Q

what is abortion?

A

expulsion of fetus after 35 d but before 109day of gestation

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10
Q

what is a still born?

A

fully matured fetus but born dead, lungs don’t float in water/formalin

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11
Q

what is the cycle of pig repro as it pertains to mgmt? like how many days at weaning, then nursery, etc

A

weaning: 21-28d –> nursery (until 77d) –> gilt developer (140d) –> quarantine (180d) –> sow barn

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12
Q

when is puberty in pigs? what is the trend with this number?

A

190-210d
this number is trending lower

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13
Q

what is important to know about the epididymus of the boar?

A

tail is at the top (sedate, pain control, castrate at head of scrotum)

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14
Q

how long is the pig estrous cycle?

A

21 days

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15
Q

can you short cycle pigs?

A

nope

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16
Q

when can you induce estrus in pigs?

A

only 12d post ovulation (sensitive to prostaglandin after day 12)

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17
Q

how long is the follicular phase? what hormones are present

A

5-6 days
FSH + LH

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18
Q

how long is the luteal phase? what hormones are present?

A

15 days
E2, P4

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19
Q

when does E2 peak?

A

estrus

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20
Q

when does P4 peak?

A

luteal phase

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21
Q

should you breed on the first estrus?

A

no… called heat no service

fewer piglets for whole live, repro poor

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22
Q

what are the steps resulting in ovulation?

A

LH surge –> follicle produces P4 –> follicle wall weakens -> egg and astral fluid expelled into oviduct

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23
Q

when should you start boar exposure? why?

A

21-24 weeks old
critical in determining how productive she is in life

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24
Q

when should you start mating or collecting semen in boars at least 1x week?

A

older than 12 mo

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25
what are the pros and cons to heat no serve?
pros: increased litter size, more follicles = more eggs cons: older gilt at first breeding, higher cost of production, older = more cost and sooner culling
26
how long is estrus?
36-96h
27
what are the 3 phases of estrus?
1. indicators of estrus begins (red + swelling of vulva, restlessness, voiding small bits of urine, smelling for boar) 2. standing to boar = in heat = 48 hr (reddened vulva w/ watery mucous, doesn't stand to handler) 3. standing to back pressure test = 36hr (stands to both boar and handler, vulva less reddened mucus thicker and more lubricating)
28
what is the goal for cervical AI?
breed within 15 mins of standing heat if not: wait 2 hours at least (refractory period)
29
egg survival? sperm survival?
egg: 8h sperm: 24h
30
describe sperm transport in the female.
uterine muscle contractions (oxytocin bc boars are there) up to 50% lost w back flow over 2 hr uterine immune response removes remainder of sperm
31
how long is gestation?
114-117d
32
it is important to restrict movement until after _____ post-breeding.
21-35 d
33
pregnancy must have ____ embryos to occur
4, at least
34
for pregnancy to occur, there must be an E2 signal produced by day ____.
12
35
what are regular and irregular returns?
how to tell that our breeding practices aren't working
36
what is the difference in days for regular and irregular returns?
regular: 17-24d irregular: >24d
37
what are some reasons for regular returns?
- fertilization failure - embryo loss/degeneration (before day 10) - estrogenic mycotoxins - poor timing of insemination - ovarian/uterine dysfunction
38
what does early regular return mean? what days does this occur?
complete failure of fertilization 18-21d
39
what does late regular return mean? what days does this occur?
successful fertilization, unsuccessful implantation 21-24d
40
what are some reasons for irregular returns?
- death of embryos/failure of implantation - disease (PRRS, endometritis) - abortions - poor nutrition
41
what is the goal in terms of returns?
>60% returns to estrus between days 18-24
42
what are 3 reasons for maternal abortion?
- no infection (fall abortion syndrome) - local disease - systemic/organ disease
43
what are 3 reasons for infectious abortions?
- prostaglandin release --> luteolysis --> abortion (PRRS, SIV, CSF, Erysipelas) - maternal infection and crossing of placental barrier (PRRS, Aujeszky's disease) - combo of the above (infected sow not affecting the piglets or pregnancy, but causes abortion)
44
what are 2 reasons for fetal death (no abortion)?
- parvovirus - crowding in uterus
45
anything that causes prostaglandin release and crosses placental barrier causes ____.
abortion
46
what is fall abortion syndrome?
more abortions during fall. no one knows why. pigs aren't supposed to farrow in the fall
47
how do you know when farrowing has started?
swollen vulva, swollen udder, restless, nesting behaviour
48
piglets should come out every ____ normally
15-20 min
49
when should you use oxytocin to induce contractions?
after no piglet for 40 mins
50
what is important to know about oxytocin?
use sparingly!!! can cause trouble because it causes painful contractions can prevent milk letdown because of pain wait until half litter has been more, max 2-3 doses per farrowing
51
list the types of insemination from most sperm cells to least sperm cells: CAI, PCAI, natural
natural, CAI, PCAI also from longest to shortest time for procedure to occur
52
what does PG600 (gonadotropin) do
stimulates estrus estrus 4-6 days after admin
53
how can you induce estrus in pigs?
PG600 (gonadotropin)
54
what does altrenogest do? (Regumate, altresyn, altermate)
synchronization: suppression of estrus batch farrowing removal of altrenogest= return to estrus in 5-7 days
55
how can you suppress estrus in pigs?
altrenogest (Regumate, Altermate, Altresyn)
56
what does Cloprostenol do in pigs? (Planate, estrumate, cloprostenol veyx)
induction of farrowing, response in 24-36h
57
how can you induce farrowing in pigs?
cloprostenol (Planate, estrumate, cloprostenol veyx)
58
what does oxytocin (Oxytosure) do?
can induce milk let down and induce contractions if used conservatively small doses at multi periods (max 2-3 doses)
59
how can you induce milk let down and contractions in pigs
oxytocin
60
when can you use U/S to dx pregnancy in pigs?
week 4 + 8 amount of fluid in uterus fluid shrinks between day 30-40 (lots o false negs)
61
how can you use hormone concentrations to dx preg in pigs? what hormones?
PGF2alpha: <200pg/ml or undetectable 13-15d after mating P4: 5ng/ml 17-24d after mating
62
what are 3 ways to benchmark + performance report?
- weaned piglets sow/year - regular vs irregular returns - predicting total born (wean to service interval & lactation length)
63
how does lactation length correlate with piglet health and follicular development?
longer length = better for piglet, better follicular development
64
what are the C/S of PCV2 (and PCV3?)
sows: pyrexia, lethargy, anorexia abortions, stillborns, mummies, weak-born piglets, poor conception/farrowing rate porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome
65
what determines the severity of C/S of PCV2?
timing of infection
66
tell me how timing of infection impacts the C/S of PCV2?
infected semen: successful conception --> mummies w myocardial lesions early gestation: myocarditis-lie lesions, fetal death due to HF, mummies late gestation: viremia, stillborn, weak born, live born
67
is PCV2/PCV3 zoonotic?
nope
68
how can you dx and prevent PCV2
dx: PCR, IHC prevent: vaccine! (doesn't cross protect with PCV3)
69
what are the C/S of PRRS?
late term abortions, premature farrowing, weak-born piglets, increase pre-weaning mortality rate, resp C/S (pneumonia)
70
what are the C/S of leptospirosis?
sows: off feed, mild fever, abortion, stillbirths, periods of infertility young pigs: icterus + hemoglobinuria
71
what are the C/S of erysipelas?
abortions (any stage), mummies, absorption/delayed returns depression, high fevers, *diamond-shaped skin lesions*, lameness, endocarditis
72
how can you tx erysipelas?
penicillin

541 (sex class) (22 decks)

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