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541 (sex class) > SA 4 > Flashcards

SA 4 Flashcards

1
Q

When is the earliest you can make a definitive diagnosis of cryptorchisim in the dog?

A

> 6 months old

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2
Q

tell me the timeline of testicular descent in the dog

A
  • testes pass through inguinal canal 3-4 days after birth
  • testes reach final position in scrotum by 35 days
  • inguinal canal remains open until 6 months –> free movement of testes
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3
Q

how do you define puberty in the male dog?

A

first ejaculation that contains sperm

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4
Q

how does male puberty timing differ between dog breeds?

A

earlier in smaller breeds, later in larger breeds

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5
Q

what is the average age of male dog puberty?

A

7-10 months
many dogs will not ejaculate until > 1 year

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6
Q

why do you collect semen in a dog?

A
  • part of BSE
  • assessment of fertility
  • for cytology and culture
  • to perform artificial insemination
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7
Q

how do you collect semen in male dogs?

A
  • manual ejaculation (most common)
  • electroejaculation reported but unnecessary
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8
Q

describe how to manually collect semen from dogs

A
  1. get dog ready (pheromones, swab from bitch from estrus, GnRH)
  2. get semen collection cone ready
  3. 2 handlers (1 w/ the teaser, other with the male)
  4. complete exposure of penis
  5. water-based lubed
  6. massage of bulbs glandis
  7. dog will indicate he wants to step over by lifting 1 hind leg – this mimics the tie
  8. collect the semen
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9
Q

should you use testosterone to prime a male dog for manual semen collection?

A

nope!

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10
Q

should you use latex for semen collection in the dog? why or why not?

A

nope
decreases motility of sperm

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11
Q

tell me about the fractions of the collected semen in a dog

A
  • fraction 1: pre-sperm fraction; small vol
  • fraction 2: sperm-rich fraction
  • fraction 3: prostatic fluid
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12
Q

semen collection in the dog can be attempted again within ____ of previous collection, but some males will not ejactulate more than _____.

A

1 hour
once a day

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13
Q

semen quality is best when collecting no more frequently than _____ in the dog.

A

2-5 days

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14
Q

dog semen samples should be held at what temp?

A

room temp

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15
Q

dog semen:
1. what vol?
2. what concentration?
3. total sperm in 1 collection?
4. you analyze a drop of undiluted semen for what?

A
  1. 1-50 mL (avg 4ml)
  2. depends on prostatic fluid
  3. 300 million to 2 billion
  4. motility (>70%)
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16
Q

dog semen morphology:
1. normal sperms expected to be at what %?
2. what stains do you use to assess?
3. list 3 preparation artifacts.
4. how do you minimize artifacts

A
  1. > 80%
  2. eosin-nigrosin or diffquik
  3. detached heads, bent tails, reflex midpieces
  4. placing it on heated stage
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17
Q

spermatogenesis in the dog takes… how long?

A

62 days

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18
Q

how can you tell if theres a repro tract infection based on semen culture?

A

an anaerobic culture > 10,000 CFU/mL

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19
Q

what are the common bacteria involved in repro tract infections in male dogs?

A
  • brucella canis
  • staph
  • strep
  • e. coli
  • klebsiella pneumoniae
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20
Q

what is the number of motile spermatozoa necessary for successful AI in the dog?

A

> 150 million

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21
Q

how can you extend the life of semen you wish to use for AI the dog?

A

an extender (20% egg yolk-based extender is superior, but you can also use equine skim milk semen extenders)

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22
Q

what 3 broad ways can you prevent fertility in the male dog?

A
  • orchiectomy
  • sclerosing agents
  • medical suppression
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23
Q

tell me the difference between performing a bilateral orchiectomy before and after puberty in the dog

A

before: no development of male behaviour (mounting and roaming)

after: some male behaviour shown, but there can be reduction (some are learned behaviour)

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24
Q

what is neuterosol?

A

a sclerosing agent

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25
Q

how does neuterosol prevent fertility in the male dog?

A

non-sx sterilant (zinc gluconate)

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26
Q

what is important to know about neuterosol?

A
  • ulceration of the scrotum at injection site is possible (1-2%)
  • testosterone not completely eliminated
  • low incidence of scrotal pain upon palpation within the first 3 days after injection
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27
Q

when using neuterosol, complete sterility may take up to ____ to achieve in post-pubescent males.

A

60 days

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28
Q

how much vol of neuterosol do you inject?

A

based on the testicular width as determined by measuring each testis at its widest point

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29
Q

what are the options for medical suppression of fertility in the male dog?

A
  • GnRH implants
  • medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)
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30
Q

with GnRH for fertility suppression, there is an initial ____ and then a ____.

A

stimulation
down-regulation

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31
Q

is megestrol acetate (MGA) an effective contraceptive?

A

nope! not even at high doese

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32
Q

when using medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) for fertility suppression, are LH concentrations suppressed?

A

nope

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33
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

testicular descent does NOT happen by 6 months of age (unilateral or bilateral)

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34
Q

cryptorchidism has a high incidence in what breeds of dog?

A

Boxers
small breeds
inbred cocker spaniels and miniature schnauzers

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35
Q

cryptorchidism: teste can be retained ____, although most are retained ____.

A

intra-abdominally
inguinal

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36
Q

true or false: it’s ok to breed dogs with cryptorchidism

A

false
it is a heritable, autosomal recessive trait

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37
Q

true or false: retained testes are predisposed to neoplasia

A

true

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38
Q

retained testes are ____ than descended testes (size). retained testes are capable of ___ but not ____.

A

smaller
steroidogenesis, not spermatogenesis

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39
Q

which 2 tumors are retained testes at higher risk for?

A

Sertoli cell tumors
seminomas

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40
Q

the spermatic cord of retained testes is predisposed to ___.

A

torsion

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41
Q

how do you diagnose cryptorchidism?

A
  • history (castrated but male behaviour)
  • palpation of inguinal region (inguinal LNs and fat may feel like small retained testes)
  • rectal palp (prostate is enlarged in intact dogs)
  • challenge test: baseline blood sample, GnRH injection, take blood in 60 mins –> testosterone goes from low to high
  • AMH: produced by Sertoli cells only, high in intact males (>2ng/mL)
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42
Q

how do you treat cryptorchidism?

A
  • surgical removal (follow ductus deferent leading to retained testes)
  • orchipexy
  • medical tx using GnRH or hCG –> questionable success, not recommended
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43
Q

what is the second most common tumor type in male dogs? what is the first?

A

2nd: testicular neoplasia
1st: skin tumors

44
Q

for dog testicular neoplasia, the mean age at dx is ___. what breed is at increased risk? what are the 3 most common types?

A
  • 9 years
  • Boxers
  • sertoli cell tumor, seminoma, leydig cell tumor
45
Q

true or false: Sertoli cell tumors are the most common tumor type of retained testes

A

true

46
Q

which breeds are predisposed to developing Sertoli cell tumors?

A

Boxers and Weimaraners

47
Q

true or false: Sertoli cell tumors often become malignant.

A

false

48
Q

you suspect a dog has a Sertoli cell tumor. how do you know which testis is affected?

A

the affected testicle is enlarged

49
Q

Sertoli cell tumors result in a paraneoplastic syndrome called ____. what are the clinical signs?

A
  • feminization syndrome
  • bilateral symmetrical alopecia
  • pancytopenia (BM suppression)
  • cystic benign prostatic hyperplasia
  • gynecomastia and galactorrhea
  • attractiveness to other males
  • cornfield cells in preputial mucosa
50
Q

what is a seminoma?

A

tumor of the germ cell of the testicles

51
Q

which breed is predisposed to seminomas?

A

German shepherds

52
Q

true or false: seminomas often become malignant

A

false

53
Q

seminomas can result in a paraneoplastic syndrome that is unexplained. what are the clinical signs?

A
  • alopecia
  • hyperpigmentation of the trunk
  • non-insulin responsive diabetes mellitus
  • prostate disease
54
Q

what is another name for Leydig cell tumors?

A

interstitial cell tumors (ICT)

55
Q

is there a breed disposition for leydig cell tumors?

A

nope

56
Q

what is a leydig cell tumor / interstitial cell tumor?

A

tumor of scrotal teste

57
Q

true or false: cryptorchidism predisposes to ICT/leydig cell tumors

A

false

58
Q

true or false: leydig cell tumors often become malignant

A

false

59
Q

true or false: leydig cell tumors are often incidental findings at necropsy and are usually less than 1 cm in diameter

A

true

60
Q

Leydig cell tumors can result in a paraneoplastic syndrome. what is the cause?

A

hyperestrogenism or hypertestosteronism

both reported

61
Q

the paraneoplastic syndrome seen with Sertoli cell tumors is because of what?

A

increased estrogen secretion

62
Q

spermatic cord torsion is also called?

A

testicular torsion

63
Q

true or false: spermatic cord torsion is a common disorder

A

false

64
Q

the signs of testicular torsion in the dog often present as?

A

acute abdomen

65
Q

true or false: spermatic cord torsions are more common in retained testes

A

true

66
Q

how do you treat spermatic cord torsions?

A

surgical removal

67
Q

you just removed these testicles from a dog. why?

A

testicular torsion

68
Q

orchitis and epididymitis more commonly occurs in what age of dog?

A

young

69
Q

what is the most common cause of orchitis and epididymitis?

A

infectious

70
Q

what is going on?

A

orchitis and/or epididymitis

71
Q

how does Brucellosis present in the male dog?

A

orchitis/epididymitis, scrotal dermatitis, oligospermia, and infertility

72
Q

true or false: when dealing with canine brucellosis, castration will decrease shedding, reduce risk of infection, and zoonosis

A

true

73
Q

why are scrotal hernias bad?

A

scrotal swelling, ischemia and necrosis of entrapped tissue

74
Q

what is a hydrocele? why do they occur?

A

collection of fluid in the vaginal process

due to impaired lymphatic drainage, lymphosarcoma, inguinal hernia, spermatic cord torsion

75
Q

the canine prostate is a _____-dependent organ. prostatic growth is regulated by _____.

A

androgen
5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

76
Q

DHT is a potent ____.

A

androgen

77
Q

tell me how testosterone gets to be DHT

A

testosterone –> 5alpha-reductase –> DHT

78
Q

what is the most common prostatic disorder?

A

benign hypertrophy

79
Q

benign hypertrophy of the prostate is present in most dogs of what signalment?

A

intact male dogs >6 years

80
Q

what are the clinical signs of prostatic benign hypertrophy?

A

may be absent, tenesmus, persistent or intermittent hematuria

usually no systemic signs

81
Q

what are the ddx for prostatic benign hypertrophy?

A

prostatitis, neoplasia, cysts

82
Q

how does the prostate look when a dog has benign prostatic hypertrophy?

A

non-painful, symmetrically enlarged prostate

83
Q

how do you diagnose benign hypertrophy of the prostate in dogs?

A
  • rectal exam
  • culture of ejaculate to rule out prostatitis
  • biopsy to rule out neoplasia
  • definitive diagnosis only be biopsy
  • US exam
84
Q

how do you treat prostatic benign hypertrophy?

A

remove androgen
- castration = tx of choice
- finasteride = blocks action of 5alpha-reductase

85
Q

prostatic cysts are associated with what?

A

androgen-dependent BPH

86
Q

prostatic cysts usually occur in what signalment of dog?

A

older, larger-breed dogs

87
Q

what are the C/S of prostatic cysts?

A

lethargy, anorexia, tenesmus, bloody urethral discharge

88
Q

is medical treatment of prostatic cysts possible?

A

nope

89
Q

most commonly, prostatitis occurs because of ____. it can also occur by what 2 methods?

A
  • ascending of urethral flora
  • hematogenous spread & spread from testes or peritoneal cavity
90
Q

what is the most common pathogen involved with prostatitis? name some other ones

A

E. coli

staph, proteus, klebsiella, pseudonomas

91
Q

prostatitis is more common in ____ dogs secondary to ____.

A

intact, BPH

92
Q

prostatitis in neutered males is secondary to what?

A

prostatic neoplasia

93
Q

what are the C/S of:
1. acute prostatitis?
2. chronic prostatitis?

A
  1. febrile, anorectic, urethral discharge
  2. may be asymptomatic, urethral discharge, straining to defecate
94
Q

prostatic abscesses present as?

A

fever, caudal abdominal pain, peritonitis, septic shock

95
Q

how do you diagnose prostatitis?

A
  • urinalysis via cysto –> prostatic fluid is secreted constantly and drains into bladder
  • culture of ejaculate - the prostatic fraction
96
Q

true or false: urine culture is diagnostic for prostatitis?

A

false. it is not diagnostic for prostatitis but can localize inflammatory process

97
Q

what is the most common prostatic disease in neutered dogs?

A

malignant adenocarcinomas

98
Q

true or false: other prostatic diseases predispose to prostatic neoplasia.

A

false

99
Q

how do you diagnose prostatic neoplasia?

A

biopsy

100
Q

how do you tx prostatic neoplasia? is the prognosis good or bad?

A
  • complete prostatectomy

bad –> often metastasized at time of dx, urinary incontinence in >50% after sx

101
Q

you see a dog with a “red pea” coming out of his penis. what is that?

A

urethral prolapse (prolapse of the distal urethra)

102
Q

urethral prolapse has the pathognomonic C/S of what?

A

red pea

103
Q

how do you treat urethral prolapse?

A

surgery. medical tx ineffective

104
Q

true or false: fx of os penis is common in dogs and the cause is often known.

A

false. it is not common and the cause is often unknown

105
Q

tell me how to fix fractures of the os penis

A
  • surgical reduction (place screw dorsally!)
  • perineal or scrotal urethrostomy
106
Q

why are fractures of the os penis bad (apart from being painful and sucky?)

A

ventral deviation of the penis causes an obstruction, causing dysuria

541 (sex class) (22 decks)

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