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541 (sex class) > SA 3 > Flashcards

SA 3 Flashcards

1
Q

estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence happens in ____ females.

A

spayed

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2
Q

estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence: what is the typical clinical presentation? what does it sometimes present as?

A

spaced female, pooling of urine where animal was sleeping

sometimes presents as lower UTI

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3
Q

estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence has a mean interval to onset time of ____

A

3 years (as late at 10 y)

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4
Q

estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence is more common in dogs ______ BW and there’s a higher incidence in _____.

A

> 20 kg
Boxers

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5
Q

what is the pathophysiology of estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence?

A

E2 increases affinity of alpha-adrenergic receptors for their neurotransmitter. response of receptors is decreased after spay

causes incompetence of urethral sphincter

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6
Q

how do you treat estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence?

A
  • phenylpropanolamine (Proin)
  • estriol (Incurin)
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7
Q

how does phenylpropanolamine treat estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence?

A

it’s an adrenergic agonist

increases urethral tone

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8
Q

how does estriol tx estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence?

A

weak natural estrogen

increase response to sympathetic nervous system - urethral tone

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9
Q

cystic endometrial hyperplasia can progress to ____.

A

pyometra

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10
Q

cystic endometrial hyperplasia is a disease of what stage?

A

post-estrus luteal phase

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11
Q

tell me the pathophys of cystic endometrial hyperplasia.

A

repeated progesterone exposure (diestrus) causes hyperplasia of endometrium and growth of cysts from glands in endometrium

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12
Q

CEH changes are reversed if ____ is removed.

A

progesterone

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13
Q

tell me how pyometra and CEH are related (pathophys)

A

prolonged estrogen exposure leads to:
- hyperplasia of the endometrium
- open cervix –> bacteria can ascend

prolonged progesterone exposure leads to:
- secretory function of endometrium increases
- CEH

prolonged estrogen exposure consequences lead to prolonged progesterone exposure and vice versa

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14
Q

true or false: estrogen and progesterone concentrations differ during pyometra as opposed to not pyometra (?????)

A

false. they do not differ (??????)

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15
Q

how is pyometra induced iatrogenically?

A
  • admin of estrogen as mis-mate shot (pre-luteal phase)
  • progestins for estrus suppression, when used in the wrong stage of the cycle
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16
Q

what is the most common pathogen that causes pyometra?

A

E. coli

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17
Q

what is the hallmark clinical sign of pyometra?

A

PU/PD

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18
Q

how does E. coli cause systemic illness and pyometra?

A

endotoxin release

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19
Q

PU/PD during pyometra is most likely caused by what? is it reversible after OHE?

A

endotoxin effects
yes, reversible after OHE

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20
Q

what clinical history/signalment is common in pyometras?

A

usually older females, recently in heat
or
hx of estrogen or progesterone tx

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21
Q

tell me the difference between open and closed pyometra

A

open: vaginal discharge, dog is relatively healthy

closed: NO VAG DISCHARGE, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, PU/PD, high WBC with left shift, BUN elevated

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22
Q

what is the treatment for pyometra?

A

surgical: OHE
medical: PGF2alpha/Dinoprost, antiprogestin, antiprolactin

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23
Q

when you perform an OHE to tx pyometra, how should you handle antibiotics?

A

AB tx for at least 1 week

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24
Q

in a pyometra, the uterus can be fragile. what can you do to mitigate any complications arising from this?

A
  • manipulate with great care
  • lay sx drapes under uterus after exteriorization and prior to placing any ligatures
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25
Q

what is the goal of medical treatment of pyometra?

A

eliminate progesterone to allow for uterine contractions and cervical relaxation

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26
Q

Dinoprost is what type of medication?

A

PGF2 alpha

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27
Q

how does PGF2 alpha/dinoprost treat pyometra?

A
  • acts directly on the CL to lyse it
  • ecbolic agent (means it causes uterine contraction)
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28
Q

what kind of pyometra is contraindicated with PGF2alpha / dinoprost?

A

closed pyometra –> uterine rupture possible

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29
Q

what must you do before using PGF2 alpha /dinoprost to treat pyometra?

A

measure P4 prior to tx

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30
Q

how does antiprogestin treat pyometra?

A

competitively binds to progesterone receptors

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31
Q

what is the best thing about using antiprogestin to treat pyometra?

A

no side effects!

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32
Q

true or false: you should combine antiprogrestin with antibacterial therapy when treating pyometra

A

true

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33
Q

prolactin is ____ during the second half of diestrus

A

luteotropic

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34
Q

how should you use antiprolactin to treat pyometra?

A

in addition to PGF2 alpha

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35
Q

medical management of pyometra commonly ___ interestrus interval. you should breed on the ___ cycle after pyometra.

A

decreases
next

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36
Q

what are follicular cysts?

A

follicles that are >8 mm in diameter (normally 5-8mm)

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37
Q

what is the ddx for follicular cysts?

A

ovarian neoplasia (granulosa cell tumor)

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38
Q

with ovarian/follicular cysts, the granulosa cells may produce ____, resulting in what C/S?

A

estrogen

  • hair loss (bilateral, often symmetrical)
  • female will attract males
  • bone marrow toxicity
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39
Q

how do you dx follicular cysts?

A

hx, vag cytology, US

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40
Q

how do you tx follicular cysts?

A

OHE, or induce luteinization of cystic structures (GnRH)

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41
Q

what is ovarian remnant syndrome?

A

incomplete removal of ovarian tissue during OHE

causes recurrent estrus after OHE and even false pregnancy

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42
Q

what are the ddx for bloody vulvar discharge in spayed females?

A
  • neoplasia
  • ovarian remnant syndrome
  • coagulopathy
  • trauma
  • exogenous estrogen (or endogenous from adrenals)
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43
Q

how do you diagnose ovarian remnant syndrome?

A
  • track estrous cycle and detect increase in progesterone
  • anti-muellerian hormone (AMH) - only produced by granulosa cells
    –> 0-90pg/ml = spayed ; >90pg/ml = intact or remnant
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44
Q

what is the treatment for ovarian remnant syndrome?

A

surgery when luteinized tissue is present

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45
Q

vaginal prolapse occurs primarily during what stage of the estrous cycle?

A

estrus
may also occur near parturition

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46
Q

why does vaginal prolapse occur?

A

exaggerated response to estrogen

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47
Q

vaginal prolapse occurs either ___, ____, or ____ cycle.

A

1st, 2nd, 3rd

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48
Q

what is the treatment for vaginal prolapse?

A

remove estrogen stimulus
- surgical = OHE
- medical = induction of luteinization using hCG & potentially remove affected tissue

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49
Q

what is the rate of occurrence with vaginal prolapse?

A

high (66-100%)

idk if we need to know percentages lol, just know its a high recurrence

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50
Q

at what age does juvenile vaginitis occur?

A

less than 1 year, as early as 8 weeks of age

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51
Q

what are the clinical signs of juvenile vaginitis?

A

vulvar discharge, not systemically ill

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52
Q

what does juvenile vaginitis culture usually come back as?

A

inconclusive

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53
Q

if juvenile dog has purulent vulvar discharge, how do you treat? what do they likely have?

A

antibiotic tx
juvenile vaginitis

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54
Q

with juvenile vaginitis, going through what may hasten resolution?

A

first cycle

55
Q

transmissible venereal tumor occurs in what environment? what do the lesions look like?

A

in tropical and subtropical areas with stray dogs

cauliflower-like lesions (5mm-10cm) that often ulcerate and bleed easily

56
Q

how is transmissible venereal tumor transmitted?

A

sex ;)
transplantation of neoplastic cells from mucosa to mucosa

57
Q

how do you tx transmissible venereal tumor tx?

A

Vincristine

58
Q

what is this US showing?

hint: it’s not pyometra

A

CEH
cystic endometrial hyperplasia

59
Q

what is this showing?

60
Q

what are 2 ddx for this? what is the correct diagnosis?

A
  1. vaginal prolapse
  2. transmissible venereal tumor

it’s vaginal prolapse

61
Q

what are 2 ddx for this? what is the correct diagnosis?

A
  1. vaginal prolapse
  2. transmissible venereal tumor

it’s transmissible venereal tumor

62
Q

Queens are _____ _____ breeders and are ____ ovulators.

A

seasonal, polyestrous
induced

63
Q

when is puberty in the queen?

A

4-12 months (depends on when they’re born - they cycle the next spring)

2.3-2.5 kg BW (avg)
oriental breeds: early puberty
long haired breeds and Manx: late puberty

64
Q

how long is proestrus in the cat?

65
Q

how long is estrus in the cat?

66
Q

how long is diestrus in the cat if pregnant?

67
Q

how long is diestrus in the cat if pseudopregnant?

68
Q

how long is postestrus in the cat?

69
Q

how long is anestrus in the cat?

A

30-90 days

70
Q

tell me about the estrus cycle in the cat.

A

anestrus –> proestrus + estrus

if induced to ovulate, then diestrus
then can go back to proestrus + estrus OR go to anestrus

if not induced to ovulate, then postestrus
then can go back to proestrus + estrus
OR go to anestrus

71
Q

list 3 induced ovulators in the domestic animal world

A

domestic cat, ferret, rabbit

also: mink, skunk, 13-lined ground squirrel, camel, llama, short-tailed shrew, giant fruit bat

72
Q

true or false: duration of cat estrus is influence by whether ovulation is induced or not

A

false!!!! it is NOT influenced by ovulation

73
Q

with a single copulation, what % of cats ovulate?

74
Q

in cats, the magnitude of LH peak ____ with the number of copulations.

75
Q

queen vag cytologies have the ___ (same/different) principles as the bitch, EXCEPT… what?

A

same

dog: E2 peaks in proestrus, cornification peaks in estrus

cat: E2 and cornification peak simultaneously

76
Q

true or false: proestrus in the queen is not seen commonly - most enter estrus directly

77
Q

tell me about the behaviour of the queen in proestrus

A
  • continuous rubbing of the head on any object
  • would not allow copulation
78
Q

during proestrus, tell me about E2

79
Q

tell me about what you’d find in vag cytology in queen during proestrus

A

intermediate cells, parabasal cells, nucleated superficial, neutrophils

80
Q

tell me about queen behaviour during estrus

A
  • receptive to mating
  • crouching and hyperextension of the back, vocalizations, head rubbing
81
Q

when does E2 peak in the queen?

82
Q

____ is released in response to copulation in the queen

83
Q

what is postestrus?

A

interestrus period in non-induced queens

84
Q

tell me about behaviour during postestrus in the queen

A

no sexual behaviour or receptivity

85
Q

what is E2 doing during postestrus?

86
Q

what does vag cytology look like during postestrus?

A

intermediate cells, parabasal cells, nucleated superficial cells, anuclear superficial cells, few neutrophils

87
Q

what is the main hormone during diestrus in the queen?

A

progesterone

88
Q

diestrus occurs when in the queen?

A

it’s the period after the queen was induced to ovulate

89
Q

what happens after diestrus in the queen?

A
  • estrus 7-10 days after progesterone declines
  • lactational anestrus
90
Q

what is anestrus in the queen?

A

seasonal absence of cycling activity in the late autumn months (northern hemisphere), Oct-Dec in queens exposed to natural day length

91
Q

tell me about P4 and E2 during anestrus in the queen

A

at baseline

92
Q

how do you induce estrus in the queen?

A
  • increase photoperiod (14 h light/10 h dark)
  • FSH 2mg IM SID until onset of estrus (3-7 days)
93
Q

how do you suppress estrus in the queen?

A
  • megestrol acetate
  • medroxyprogesterone acetate
  • GnRH
94
Q

what do you have to inform owners about when using megestrol acetate to suppress estrus in the queen?

A
  • not approved for cats - consent form
  • adrenal cortical suppression was reported
  • weight gain
95
Q

how long does bitch pregnancy last?

A

58-68 days (8-10 weeks)

96
Q

medroxyprogesterone acetate can cause _____,.

A

mammary tumors

97
Q

is medroxyprogesterone acetate approved for used in cats?

98
Q

how long does queen pregnancy last?

A

63-65 days (9 weeks)

99
Q

true or false: superfecundation occurs in queens that roam free

100
Q

cats: embryos pass the UT junction by day…

101
Q

where is relaxin produced in the pregnant cat?

A

feto-placental unit

102
Q

when is relaxin first detected in the pregnant cat?

A

day 25 of pregnancy

103
Q

prolactin increases at day ___ of queen pregnancy.

104
Q

cats have a _____ placenta

A

endotheliochorial, zonary

105
Q

cats have a marginal hematoma in placenta. true or false?

106
Q

tell me about using palpation to dx pregnancy in the cat

A
  • as early as day 15
  • best window = day 21-25
  • after day 35, swelling becomes confluent —> not as good at detecting pregnancy via palpation
107
Q

you palpate a cat and you think she’s pregnant. what’s a ddx for what you’re feeling?

A

segmentally dilated uterus in the case of pyometra

108
Q

using radiographs for pregnancy dx in the queen:
1. when does calcification occur?
2. is it commonly used?

109
Q

using transabdominal US for pregnancy dx in the queen:
1. how early can you detect pregnancy?
2. fetal HR averages…?
3. what are the parameters for fetal distress?

A
  1. 16 days
  2. 228 bpm
  3. < 150 bpm = distress ; < 100 bpm = severe distress
110
Q

true or false: right before birth, there’s a temp drop in cats

111
Q

how long does delivery take in the cat typically?

112
Q

true or false: dystocia is rare in cats

113
Q

you have a delay in parturition in the cat. what should you assume in the main cause?

A

eutocia (normal birth)

NOT DYSTOCIA

114
Q

dystocia is considered when there is…… what in the cat?

A

4 h before first kitten
more than 2h between kittens

115
Q

nursing occurs typically _____ after parturition in the cat

A

30-40 mins after birth

116
Q

tell me important viral causes of feline abortion

A
  • feline herpesvirus
  • FIV
  • FIP
  • FeLV
  • FPLV
117
Q

feline herpesvirus causes what in the pregnant cat?

A

abortion, fetla death, maceration, placental necrosis, congenital fetal infections

118
Q

FIV causes what in the pregnant cat?

A

venereal transmission, congenital fetal infections

119
Q

FIP causes what in the pregnant cat?

A

resorption

120
Q

FeLV causes what in the pregnant cat?

A

fetal or neonatal death

121
Q

FPLV causes what in the pregnant cat?

A

abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death

122
Q

what bacteria cause abortion in the cat?

A
  • brucella
  • salmonella
  • e. coli
  • staph
123
Q

what is a common parasite that can cause abortion in cats?

A

toxoplasma gondii

abortion in queens with systemic signs of the disease (lethargy, diarrhea, CNS)

124
Q

what’s going on here?

A

mammary hypertrophy

125
Q

mammary hypertrophy occurs when in the cat?

A
  • during the normal cycle
  • when there is exogenous progesterone
  • during pregnancy
126
Q

mammary hypertrophy is ____ (speed)

A

rapid (2-5 weeks)

127
Q

mammary hypertrophy is _____ (involvement of mammary tissue?)

A

diffuse, all mmamary glands

128
Q

how do you tx mammary hypertrophy?

A

remove source of progesterone = complete remission

  • OHE
  • cessation of exogenous progesteorne
  • aglepristone
129
Q

true or false: intact cats have a higher chance of getting mammary neoplasia

A

TRUE! 7-fold higher risk

130
Q

true or false: mammary neoplasia typically happens in male cats

A

false. < 2% occurs in males

131
Q

what is the most common mammary neoplasia in cats?

A

malignant carcinoma
metastasis common

132
Q

true or false: mammary neoplasia typically happens in older cats rather than younger cats

A

true (> 11 years old)

133
Q

with cat mammary neoplasia, prognosis is associated with what?

A

tumor size and metastasis

541 (sex class) (22 decks)

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