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541 (sex class) > SA 2 > Flashcards

SA 2 Flashcards

1
Q

tell me when parturition occurs when compared to these in the bitch:
1. after LH surge
2. after ovulation
3. after onset of cytological diestrus

A
  1. 65 d ± 1 d
  2. 63 d ± 1 d
  3. 57 d ± 2 d
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2
Q

GnRH is produced in ____ concentrations in pregnancy in the bitch.

A

low

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3
Q

LH is _____, which means it stimulates progesterone from the CL during pregnancy.

A

luteotropic

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4
Q

FSH is released ____ in pregnancy, causing a mild increase in ____.

A

mid-term
estrogen

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5
Q

prolactin is ____, which means it supports CL during pregnancy. when is it released in pregnancy?

A

luteotropic
mid-term through parturition

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6
Q

what does prolactin do?

A

development of mammary tissue

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7
Q

progesterone is released from the ____ when in pregnancy?

A

CL, throughout

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8
Q

why do you not use progesterone in pregnancy diagnosis?

A

progesterone profiles are similar in pregnanct and non-pregnant bitches

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9
Q

how do you diagnose pregnancy in the bitch?

A
  • relaxin
  • abdominal palpation
  • US
  • rads
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10
Q

what is the only pregnancy-specific hormone in the dog?

A

relaxin

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11
Q

relaxin is produced by the ____ and peaks _____ _____ parturition.

A

placenta
2-3 weeks before

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12
Q

when is relaxin detectable?

A

until 3rd to 4th week of pregnancy
28-30 d post LH surge

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13
Q

how do you use abdominal palpation for pregnancy dx and timing of pregnancy?

A
  • ovoid swellings as early as 17-22 d after ovulation
  • most distinct 28-30 d after ovulation
  • by 35-45 d after ovulation, swellings elongate
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14
Q

true or false: you can use US for determining number of fetuses

A

false.

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15
Q

when can you detect pregnancy in bitches using US?

A

21 days after LH surge

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16
Q

what do you use to determine litter size in pregnant bitches?

A

rads

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17
Q

how do you use radiographs to diagnose pregnancy and timing of pregnancy?

A
  • 21-42 days after ovulation: fluid-filled horns
  • calcification begins 43-46 d after ovulation
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18
Q

true or false: a Hct of <40% is alarming in a pregnant bitch.

A

nope. pregnancy associated anemia can happen. it’s normocytic and normochromic

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19
Q

when should you evaluate rectal temp in a pregnant dog and why do you do it?

A

2-3 times/day, starting 5 d before due date

temp drops by 1C and then increases again just prior to whelping bc progesterone is thermogenic (parturition is within 24 h)

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20
Q

tell me about diet management of a pregnant bitch

A

avoid overfeeding: gradually increase feed intake by 25-30% over the last 4 weeks of gestation

changing to puppy diet is usually enough

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21
Q

dogs have a _____ and ______ placenta.

A

zonary, endotheliochorial

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22
Q

true or false: seeing greenish-black discharge after whelping is super bad in the dog! where does it come from?

A

false! this is NORMAL!

comes from placental separation during whelping (biliverdin break-down product)

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23
Q

true or false: placental hematoma is normal in pregnancy dog

A

true. it’s circumferential and marginal

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24
Q

how can you use progesterone to predict parturition?

A

<2 ng/mL means that parturition is within 24 hours

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25
Q

what is uteroverdin?

A

greenish-black discharge before or during whelping, means that there’s a detachment of placenta and at least 1 puppy is compromised. the delivery needs to be soon

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26
Q

tell me 2 ways to predict parturition in a bitch.

A
  1. temperature
  2. progesterone serum level
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27
Q

how many stages are in dog parturition?

A

3

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28
Q

describe stage 1 dog parturition - what happens, how long does it last, and what does the dog do?

A

uterine contractions –> dilation of cervix
6-12 hours
restlessness, anorexia, separation

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29
Q

describe stage 2 dog parturition - what happens, how long does it last?

A
  • Ferguson’s reflex
  • expulsion of puppies every 30 min-1hr (up to 4 hr)
  • large litter size = birthing can last up to 24 h
  • female removes fetal membranes (licking), may eat them (causing diarrhea)
  • licking also stimulate’s pup’s CV system
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30
Q

what is Ferguson’s reflex?

A

pressure in cervix by puppy –> oxytocin release –> cervical contractions –> push da baby OUTTA THERE

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31
Q

what 2 fetal membranes does the mom remove by licking?

A

allantoamnion and allantochorion

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32
Q

describe stage 3 of dog parturition - what happens, how long?

A

expulsion of fetal membranes (with puppy or 5-15min after birth)

endometrial involution takes 3 months

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33
Q

true or false: retained fetal membranes are common in the bitch

A

false. they are very uncommon

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34
Q

describe the endocrinology of parturition in the dog.

A
  1. pituitary-adrenal maturation = increased fetal cortisol
  2. increased fetal cortisol + increased maternal cortisol = increased PGF2alpha
  3. increase PGF2alpha = luteolysis = rapid progesterone decrease <2ng/ml

= 24 hours later, whelping

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35
Q

what are the maternal factors involved in dystocia?

A
  • primary uterine inertia - no fetus delivered
  • secondary uterine inertia
  • brachycephalic breeds
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36
Q

tell me about primary uterine inertia

A
  • terrier breeds predisposed
  • large litter = overstretching
  • hypocalcemia
  • obesity

No uterine contractions

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37
Q

tell me about secondary uterine inertia

A
  • hypocalcemia
  • secondary to fetal obstruction
  • increased cortisol

Uterine contractions stop before they’re supposed to

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38
Q

what are the fetal factors of dystocia?

A
  • presentation, position, posture
  • increased fetal size (singleton)
  • abnormal developments
  • death of fetuses
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39
Q

what does it mean when a dog’s “water breaks”?

A

chorioallantois ruptures

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40
Q

tell me how to diagnose dystocia in the bitch.

A
  • history
  • passage of green lochia
  • significant blood discharge
  • acute abdominal pain/prolapse/shock signs during labour
  • vag exam
  • US
  • rads
  • fetal maturation
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41
Q

what are you looking for in the history to diagnose dystocia?

A
  • gestation length
  • > 4 h after water breaking
  • strong straining during stage 2 for > 30 mins
  • > 2h b/t delivery of puppies
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42
Q

what does green lochia mean?

A

first puppy within 1-2 hours

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43
Q

what are the most important C/S to diagnose dystocia?

A

significant blood discharge
acute abdominal pain/prolapse/shock signs during labor

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44
Q

when diagnosing dystocia, what are you looking for in the vag exam?

A
  • Ferguson’s reflex
  • presence of a fetus in the canal
  • anatomical abnormalities
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45
Q

how can you diagnose dystocia on US?

A

fetal distress = consistently under 180bpm

remember to evaluate >1 fetus

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46
Q

how can you use rads to dx dystoica?

A

looking for obstructions, dead fetuses, size of fetuses, that sort of thing

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47
Q

tell me the indications for medical management of dystocia

A
  • female in good health condition
  • no fetal obstruction
  • Ferguson reflex present
  • length of dystocia not too long
  • fetal HR >180 bpm consistently
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48
Q

tell me the indications for surgical management of dystocia

A
  • health compromised
  • fetus in the birth canal
  • Ferguson reflex absent
  • dystocia for too long
  • fetal distress (HR consistently < 180bpm)
49
Q

in these circumstances, tell me if the dystocia mgmt should be medical or surgical:
1. mom seems healthy, you can feel a Ferguson reflex during vag exam, owner brought dog in right away when they suspected dystocia
2. you do a vag exam and you don’t feel a Ferguson reflex
3. you do a vag exam and you feel a fetus in the birth canal
4. you do US and fetal HR is >180bpm consistently
5. you do US and fetal HR is <180bpm consistently
6. mom comes in in shock, owner says mom has been this way for many many hours

A
  1. medical
  2. surgical
  3. surgical
  4. medical
  5. surgical
  6. surgical
50
Q

tell me options for medical treatment of dystocia

A
  • calcium
  • oxytocin
51
Q

should you use calcium alone to tx dystocia?

A

nope. use with oxytocin

52
Q

why does using calcium to tx dystocia work?

A

increases strength of uterine contractions, will work even if serum [Ca] is normal

53
Q

tell me how to use calcium to tx dystocia in the bitch. like give dosage

A

10% Ca gluconate 10-20 mg/kg IV or SQ

reassess 15-40 min later

use with oxytocin

54
Q

what “gets the uterus going” according to Kastelic?

A

oxytocin

55
Q

how do you use oxytocin to tx dystocia? like give me dosage

A

0.1-1 IU, SQ, IM, or IV

repeat every 20-30min/response

fetus after no more than 3 doses

56
Q

what should you do before using oxytocin to tx dystocia? why?

A

rads

rule out pup obstruction birth canal

57
Q

what happens when you use too high of a dose of oxytocin when treating dystocia?

A

uterine tetany

58
Q

pregnancy toxemia results from a relative lack in _____.

A

carbs

59
Q

____ usually develops during late gestation in females with ______ and/or _______.

A

ketosis
inadequate nutrition
large litter

60
Q

how does pregnancy toxemia present clinically?

A

anorexia late gestation
ketone bodies in urine with no glycosuria

61
Q

how do you treat pregnancy toxemia?

A

one case report - 5% dextrose
preg termination?

62
Q

why do dogs often develop diabetes mellitus when pregnant?

A

during diestrus (pregnant or non pregnant) –> increase progesterone –> increase GH

GH = insulin antagonist

female with subclinical DM will show overt signs of dz during pregnancy

63
Q

acute puerperal metritis happens within _____ after whelping.

A

1 week

64
Q

acute puerperal metritis, aka postpartum metritis, is caused by …? what

A

retained fetal membrane
retained pup

65
Q

what are the clinical signs of postpartum metritis in dogs? specifically, what is the discharge like?

A

fever, malodorous vaginal discharge (normal lochia can pass up to 3wk)

degenerative neutrophils in discharge

66
Q

what is the treatment for postpartum metritis?

A

medical: antibiotics and support therapy

surgical: OHE

67
Q

true or false: mastitis is common in lactating pseudopregnant bitches, and not in postpartum females

A

false. it’s the other way around

primarily of postpartum females, rarely in lactating pseudopregnant bitches

68
Q

true or false: mastitis can be acute and life threatening.

A

true

69
Q

how do you diagnose mastitis?

A

culture purulent discharge from affected teats

70
Q

what are common etiologies of bitch mastitis?

A

E. coli, staphylococci, streptococci

71
Q

how do you treat bitch mastitis?

A

antibiotics; amoxicillin with clavulinic acid or cephalosporins

sx might be indicated (drain and flush with 1% povidone-iodine)

72
Q

after diagnosing mastitis in the dog, should you allow the pups to continue nursing?

A

yes, unless abscess or gangrene present

73
Q

what does SIPS stand for?

A

sub involution of placental sites

74
Q

why does SIPS happen?

A

trophoblast cells do not degenerate and invade the endometrium and even myometrium

75
Q

SIPS is more common in _______ (parity) females _____ (age).

A

primiparous
<3 years

76
Q

how do you diagnose and treat SIPS?

A

prolonged hemorrhagic discharge
no systemic illness

spontaneous remission

77
Q

what are your options for terminating pregnancies?

A
  • OHE
  • progesterone antagonist
  • PGF2 alpha
  • dexamethasone
  • estrogens
78
Q

how do progesterone antagonists terminate pregnancy?

A

antagonize progesterone lmao

progesterone maintains pregnancy, so blocking this and lowering the amount causes termination of pregnancy

79
Q

when using progesterone antagonists to terminate pregnancy, when is it more effective, early or late pregnancy?

A

early

80
Q

PGF2 alpha for terminating pregnancy –> effect depends on when you administer it around day ____ of pregnancy. what is this difference?

A

day 40

before day 40: resorption
after day 40: abortion

81
Q

what are the side effects of PGF2 alpha for terminating pregnancy?

A

vomiting, hypersalivation, defecation (they subside within 60 mins)

82
Q

dexamethasone will cause abortion ____ in pregnancy (timing).

A

later

83
Q

what are the pros of using dexamethasone to terminate pregnancy?

A

inexpensive, can be administered at home

84
Q

what are the side effects of using dexamethasone for terminating pregnancy?

A

PU/PD, anorexia

85
Q

should you use estrogens for terminating pregnancy? why or why not?

A

nope
severe side effects

86
Q

what viral etiologies cause abortion in dogs?

A

herpesvirus

87
Q

what bacterial etiologies cause abortion in dogs?

A
  • brucellosis
  • campylobacter
  • salmonella
  • E. coli
  • leptospira
88
Q

is canine brucellosis zoonotic?

A

yes!!!

89
Q

what is the most common pathogen that causes canine brucellosis abortion? name the other ones [maybe not important to know the other ones but I have this just in case ;)]

A

Brucella canis

B. abortus, B. melitensis, B. suis

4 out of 6 brucella species cause abortion in dogs

90
Q

how is canine brucella transmitted?

A
  • ingested of aborted fetal membranes
  • vaginal discharge from infected bitches, esp in estrus
  • venereal
  • conjunctiva

infected can be asymptomatic

91
Q

true or false: dogs with brucellosis are always symptomatic, which makes tracing the spread of the disease easy.

A

FALSE! INFECTED CAN REMAIN ASYMPTOMATIC

92
Q

what can brucellosis cause in dogs?

A
  • late-term abortion (7-9 weeks)
  • prolonged vag discharge (brownish or serosanguinous)
  • epididymitis
  • generalized lymphadenitis
  • discospondylitis and uveitis
93
Q

how do you diagnose brucellosis in dogs?

A
  • abortus presents with autolytic changes
  • vag discharge ?
  • culture - definitive diagnosis
  • serology (RSAT, AGID) - screening only
94
Q

what is important to keep in mind with blood cultures in brucellosis positive dogs?

A

> 80% of dogs can have positive blood cultures for up to 1 year

95
Q

true or false: brucellosis can persist in dog kennels even after antibiotic treatment; therefore, infected animals are euthanized

A

true

96
Q

how do you definitively diagnose canine brucellosis?

A

culture

97
Q

how should you use serology with canine brucellosis? why?

A

only as a screening test

sensitive, but not specific (you can be sure that a true positive will show up as positive, but false positives are common)

98
Q

why is serology not great for canine brucellosis? what does this result in?

A

antibodies cross-react strongly with antibodies to several nonpathogenic bacteria

false positives

99
Q

you run a rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT) to test for canine brucellosis. You get a positive. what can you do to differentiate whether this is a true or false positive?

A

add 2-ME, which inactivates IgM –> prevents cross-reaction

if still +, use another testing method to confirm true positive

if -, test 15-45 days later to confirm negative result

100
Q

what are the two methods of serology you can use to test for canine brucellosis?

A
  • rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT)
  • agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID)
101
Q

a positive result with AGID is/is not considered definitive for a dx of canine brucellosis? why or why not?

A

is!

more specific = less false positives

102
Q

how do you treat canine brucellosis?

A
  • eradication of infected animals in a kennel
  • tetracycline and streptomycin for 2 weeks; can clear blood culture BUT relapse possible
103
Q

why is treatment often not successful in eliminating infection? Of brucellosis

A

intracellular localization of bacteria

104
Q

what is the most prevalent species of campylobacter that causes abortions in dogs?

A

Campylobacter jejuni

105
Q

what does Campylobacter jejuni cause in dogs?

A
  • few reports of abortions
  • GI dz
  • vaginal hemorrhagic discharge
106
Q

how do you diagnose Campylobacter jejuni in dogs?

A

culture from fetal or neonatal tissue (stomach/contents)

special conditions required to culture

107
Q

how do you treat Campylobacter jejuni in dogs?

A

antibiotics based on C&S
(erythromycin and neomycin)

108
Q

is camylobacter jejuni zoonotic?

A

YES! from human to dog and from dog to human

109
Q

what can leptospirosis cause in dogs?

A
  • abortion, uveitis, meningitis
  • infertility and abortion (L. bratislava)
110
Q

how is leptospirosis transmitted?

A

urine and rarely venereal

111
Q

is leptospirosis zoonotic?

A

yes

112
Q

You do a vag culture on a dog and find mycoplasma and ureaplasma. what should you do?

A

nothing - these can be part of normal vag flora

however, if present in large enough numbers, can cause disease

113
Q

canine herpesvirus is transmitted by…?

A

licking or coughing - primary

in utero transmission and veneral spread - possible

114
Q

tell me the difference between canine herpesvirus infection in a naive pregnant female vs an immune pregnant female

A

naive preg: virus spreads to fetus and causes fetal death, mummification, abortion, stillbirths

immune preg: not affected

115
Q

how do you diagnose canine herpesvirus?

A

virus isolation from swabs of vesicular lesions on genitalia of affected females

females that have fetal death/abort may be tested for CHV-specific neutralizing antibody on a serum sample

116
Q

what happens to puppies that are infected with canine herpesvirus at birth or postnatally up to 3 wks?

A

develop systemic dz that is usually fatal

117
Q

what is hypoluteoidism?

A

insufficient secretion of progesterone by CL during pregnancy

118
Q

how do you treat hypoluteoidism?

A

give progesterone

119
Q

should you give altrenogest in a pregnant dog?

A

nooooooooooo

541 (sex class) (22 decks)

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