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541 (sex class) > dystocia > Flashcards

dystocia Flashcards

1
Q

what is dystocia in cattle?

A

difficult or prolonged birth that may or may not require human assistance

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2
Q

describe the 3 stages of parturition in cattle briefly

A

stage 1: relaxation and dilation of the cervix, rupture of the chorioallantois and membrane

stage 2: passing of the fetus through the birth canal

stage 3: expulsion of fetal membranes

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3
Q

tell me how hormones prime the cow for onset of parturition

A
  1. fetal adrenal glands release cortisol
  2. increase 17alpha hydroxylase in placenta
  3. decreases progesterone
  4. converts pregnenolone to estrogens
  5. increasing PGF2alpha myometrium contractions
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4
Q

how long does stage 1 of parturition last in the cow?

A

8-12 hours

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5
Q

during stage 1 parturition in the cow, how is dilation of the cervix achieved?

A

decreasing cervical tone, absence of progesterone, mechanical pressure form fetus

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6
Q

during stage 1 parturition in the cow, how are myometrial contractions initiated

A

pressure synapse release oxytocin

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7
Q

how long does stage 2 parturition last in the cow?

A

1-4 hours

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8
Q

during stage 3 parturition in the cow, how does detachment of the placenta occur?

A

via vasoconstriction and myometrial contractions, which dislodge the chorionic villi from the crypts

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9
Q

how long does stage 3 parturition last in the cow?

A

12 hours

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10
Q

true or false: a stage 3 lasting >24 hours in the cow is considered pathologic

A

true

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11
Q

briefly tell me fetal blood circulation in utero

A

umbilical vein –> portal vein (ductus venosus) –> caudal VC –> RA –> LA foramen ovale –> LV –> aorta –> umbilical arteries –> pulmonary artery (ductuc arteriosus) –> aorta

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12
Q

tell me how fetal blood circulation changes with rupture of the umbilical cord?

A

rupture of umbilical cord –> asphyxia –> gasping reflexes –> increased peripheral vascular resistance –> lung inflation –> increased O2 tension –> ductus arteriosus closes –> increase BP –> closure of foramen ovale

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13
Q

rupture of the umbilical cord leads to a ________ (acid base dysfunction)

A

transient mild mixed acidosis

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14
Q

rupture of the umbilical cord leads to a transient mild mixed acidosis. tell me the 2 components of a mixed acidosis and why it’s caused in this case

A

metabolic acidosis: anaerobic glycolysis initiated by poorly perfused tissues

resp acidosis: asphyxia and build up of CO2

lactic acidosis caused by anaerobic glycolysis and poor tissue perfusion

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15
Q

what are the problems with acidosis at birth?

A
  • increased risk of failed transfer of passive immunity
  • increased risk of pre-weaning morbidity and mortality
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16
Q

what are the behavioural indicators of dystocia?

A
  • restlessness
  • prolonged lying time
  • longer duration of tail elevation
  • reduced abdominal contractions
  • prolonged time b/t visualization of amniotic sac to birth of the calf
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17
Q

true or false: dystocia is more common in beef cattle than dairy cattle

A

false!
incidence in beef cattle: 5-15%
incidence in dairy cattle: 15-30%

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18
Q

tell me some dam risk factors for dystocia

A
  • heifer
  • high birth weight
  • low BCS as a yearling dam
  • low or high BCS at calving
  • mineral deficiencies
  • confinement
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19
Q

tell me some neonate risk factors for dystocia

A
  • male –> larger body dimensions and higher birth weight
  • twins –> malpresentation or malposture
  • high birth weight –> larger –> fetal maternal size mismatch
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20
Q

tell me some ways to decrease the risk of dystocia

A
  • heifer selection
  • dam nutrition
  • sire selection for birthweight and calving ease
  • pelvic abnormalities
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21
Q

name 3 causes of dystocia that are maternal in origin

A
  • primary uterine inertia
  • secondary uterine inertia
  • abnormalities of the birth canal
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22
Q

name 3 causes of dystocia that are fetal in origin

A
  • abnormal P’s (presentation, posture, position)
  • large offspring (fetal oversize or large offspring syndrome)
  • fetal monsters (deformities)
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23
Q

what is primary uterine inertia?

A

failure of the myometrium to contract

24
Q

what is secondary uterine inertia?

A

exhaustion of the myometrium after a prolonged parturition

25
Q

what causes primary uterine inertia?

A
  • overstretching of the uterus by multiple fetuses
  • defect in the myometrium
  • defect in the parturient hormones
  • muscular atony caused by post parturient hypocalcemia
26
Q

tell me some abnormalities of the birth canal that can cause dystocia.

A
  • small maternal pelvis
  • pelvic deformities
  • incomplete dilation of the cervix
  • remnants of the mullarian ducts
  • uterine torsions 5-10%
27
Q

what are the causes/risk factors of uterine torsion?

A
  • multiple fetuses
  • walking up hills
  • poor muscle tone
  • enlarged rumen
  • breed = brown swiss
28
Q

how do you tx uterine torsions?

A
  • “plank in the flank” –> laterally recumbent animal has plank on flank to hold uterus still, person stands on plank and animal is rolled in the direction of the torsion
  • c-section
  • detorsion rod
29
Q

50% of dystocias are caused by ____?

A

fetal maternal size mismatch

30
Q

the odds of fetal maternal size mismatch causing dystocia increase by 13x by every _____kg increase in birthweight

A

1

31
Q

fetal maternal size mismatches are more common in _____

A

heifers

32
Q

fetal material size mismatches are the result of what?

A

mismanagement of heifers and bull selection

33
Q

what are the 3 P’s?

A

presentation, position, posture

34
Q

what is presentation? what is normal?

A

relation of the spinal axis of the fetus to the dam’s axis

which part of the calf is being presented for delivery

anterior, posterior, transverse

normal: anterior

35
Q

what is position? what is normal?

A

relation of the dorsum of the fetus to the quadrants of the material pelvis

dorsosacral
dorsopubic
dorsoilliac

normal: dorsosacral

36
Q

what is posture? what is normal?

A

relation of the fetal extremities to its own body

head ventroflexed
carpal flexion
hip bilaterally flexed (breech)

normal: both front legs and head presented in the birth canal

37
Q

list the 3 P’s in order of most likely to cause dystocia to least likely

A

posture
presentation
position

38
Q

when should you intervene in a cow birth?

A
  • not making progress every 30-60 mins
  • abnormal PPP (3 p’s)
  • prolonged gestation date (only if accurate!)
39
Q

what are the 3 therio rules? like very general

A

be clean, be gentle, and by god use LOTS AND LOTS OF LUBE

40
Q

what equipment do you need in a dystocia case?

A
  • bucket of warm water
  • disinfectant
  • lube (not J-lube)
  • OB sleeves
  • OB chains, handles, head snare, calf jack
  • halter/ropes
41
Q

what do you do to the cow to get ready to help with a dystocia?

A
  • restrain
  • tie tail
  • rectal exam
  • clean perineum
  • vag exam with OB sleeves and lube
42
Q

talk me through a vag exam of a cow with dystocia

A
  1. enter vag, ID cervix - note if fully dilated, obstructions, etc)
  2. enter uterus
  3. ID calf w/ 3 P’s
  4. ID if calf alive or dead - pull on tongue, pinch toes, palpebral reflex, anal reflex
43
Q

tell me the broad steps of dealing with a dystocia case

A
  1. restrain, tie tail, etc
  2. rectal exam, clean perineum
  3. vag exam
  4. mutation
  5. make sure calf can fit
  6. get ready to pull
  7. PUUUULLLLLLLLL!!!!!!
44
Q

what is mutation in terms of helping with dystocia?

A

fetus is restored to normal presentation, posture, and position by repulsion, rotation, version, or extension of extremities

45
Q

what is repulsion when dealing with mutation?

A

push the fetus out of the maternal pelvis into the uterine cavity

46
Q

what is rotation when dealing with mutation?

A

turning the fetus on its longitudinal axis to bring it to dorsosacral position

47
Q

what is version when dealing with mutation?

A

turning the fetus on its transverse axis into anterior or posterior position

unlikely to correct
usually results in C-section

48
Q

how can you make sure the calf will fit in the birth canal?

A

head and legs should be able to be advanced into the birth canal

hand should be able to go around calf when positioned in the birth canal

49
Q

how do you get ready to pull a calf out of the vag?

A

2 limbs ± head are in normal position and belong to the same calf

apply OB chains above fetlock with half hitch below

50
Q

how do you successfully and properly pull a calf outta its momma?

A
  • pull only when cow contracts or pushes
  • relax when cow relaxes
  • pull one limb at a time (see-saw)
  • once head and front limbs are out and chest is in birth canal, rotate calf 45 degrees to prevent hip lock
51
Q

tell me some fun little helpful tools and tricks to assisting with dystocia

A
  • epidurals prevent contractions
  • oro-tracheal tube prevents abdominal contractions
  • epi IM can relax ute ute to repulse and reposition
  • casting cow down in lateral recumbence opens pelvis
52
Q

what do eye hooks do?

A

direct the head

53
Q

what does a head snare do?

A

directs the head

54
Q

tell me some other options for calf removal other than pulling that bitch out of the vag

A
  • C section
  • fetotomy (if its dead already, obvi)
55
Q

post delivery in the cow, what should you address?

A
  • “spares and tears”
  • pain mitigation
  • ABs
  • ± ecbolics
56
Q

tell me important things to do right after calf leaves birth canal (post-calving calf care)

A
  • sit calf in sternal recumbency
  • ABC (airway, breathing, circulation)
57
Q

how do you assess ABC in a newly born calf?

A

A: clear airway, resuscitation
B: rub vigorously, straw up nose
C: check heartbeat, give resuscitation drug

541 (sex class) (22 decks)

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