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541 (sex class) > Equine 4 > Flashcards

Equine 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what does FSH do to stallions

A

stimulates sperm prod

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2
Q

what does LH do to stallions

A

necessary to complete process of sperm prod

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3
Q

what does testosterone do to stallions

A

promotes development and function of accessory sex glands, secondary sex characteristics, responsible for mating behaviour

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4
Q

tell me the timeline of testicular growth/sperm development

A
  • testicular descent: 30 days before to 10 days after birth
  • LH and FSH increase @ 9mo
  • growth and fast development of testes at 12mo
  • spermatozoa seen as early as 14mo
  • testosterone increases at 20mo = promotion of puberty
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5
Q

should you turn a yearling colt out with mares?

A

yes! if the mare and the stallion are physically compatible then they absolutely can breed

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6
Q

when is puberty in males

A

22-24mo

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7
Q

when is the best time to castrate?

A

8-12mo

easier to castrate than mature males

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8
Q

are stallions seasonal in their reproduction?

A

yes, but produce sperm all year long

out of season, they have lighter testes, fewer Leydig cells, fewer Sertoli cells, 50% less sperms, blood conc of hormones lower

but they can still breed (and will if you let them)

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9
Q

is it important to test semen extenders with each stallion you do a BSE on?

A

yes! different stallions respond differently to different extenders

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10
Q

what is the cutoff for good testicle size?

A

> 8cm
highly correlated with daily spemr output

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11
Q

can you use acepromazine for chemical semen collection?

A

nope

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12
Q

what can you use for chemical semen collection?

A

imipramine, xylazine + imipramine

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13
Q

what does the epididymus do?

A

transport sperm to the deferent duct, concentrates/matures/stores sperm

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14
Q

what does the ampullae do?

A

widening of deferent duct, surrounded by smooth muscle that contracts to push sperm into urethra, these create common issues in stallions!!!

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15
Q

what do the vesicular, prostate, and bulbourethral glands do?

A

functions to add gel and fluid to semen

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16
Q

what are the reasons for cryptorchidism in horses?

A
  • genetic
  • insufficient androgen
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17
Q

sperm prod in cryptorchid testes is _____, and testosterone prod in these testes is ______.

A

sperm: no prod
testosterone: undisturbed (high levels)

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18
Q

how can you dx cryptorchidism?

A
  • U/S (external inguinal region and abdominal cavity)
  • hCG stimulation test
  • blood sample for AMH
  • baseline estrone sulfate
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19
Q

explain how to do an hCG stimulation test to dx cryptorchidism

this is the gold standard :)

A
  1. take baseline blood sample
    2.inject hCG
  2. take second blood sample 1-2 hours after hCG
  3. measure testosterone

castrated: little to no increase in testosterone
normal function: in normal ranges for both blood samples
cryptorchid: elevated basal testosterone compared to castrated, then increased testosterone after hCG

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20
Q

a cryptorchid will have _____ AMH

A

high

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21
Q

how can you use estrone sulphate to test for cryptorchids?

A

mature testicles produce this, so cryptorchid won’t

22
Q

what is azoospermia?

A

absence of sperm in ejaculate

23
Q

how do you diagnose the cause of azoospermia?

A
  1. completed ejaculatory process?
  2. if yes to 1, want to assess if seminal emission occurred (measure alkaline phosphatase AP levels)
  3. if no to 1, then evaluate collection area, AV, pharmacotherapy, rule out pain, rule out environmental factors
24
Q

tell me how to use alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels to dx azoospermia etiology

A

AP should be high in seminal fluid!!!

<100 IU/I = low = no seminal emission = blocked ampullae, retrograde ejaculation

7,000-20,000 IU/I = seminal emission is yes = further ddx, could be testicular defect

25
Q

what does it mean when there are larger # of sperm with separated tails when there’s a blocked ampulla?

A

blockage is resolving, occurs often after sexual rest

26
Q

what is the tx for blocked ampullae?

A

trans-rectal massage, oxytocin

27
Q

how do you dx blocked ampullae for certain?

A

azoospermia, low AP levels, then U/S

28
Q

what is retrograde ejaculation?

A

semen goes into bladder, caused by failure of bladder sphincter

29
Q

how do you dx retrograde ejaculation?

A

azoospermia, low AP, then look at urine (sometimes see right in sample, sometimes have to spin down)

30
Q

how do you tx retrograde ejaculation?

A

imperamine (promotes closure of sphincter)
- can help but not curative

31
Q

tell me about hormones during testicular degeneration

A

low E2 + inhibin, high FSH = advancing degeneration (often age related)

low testosterone, high LH = more advanced degeneration

32
Q

true or false: sexual rest is necessary when there’s hemospermia

A

true

33
Q

what are the C/S of hemospermia?

A
  • you can see blood in sperm (sometimes!)
  • infertility (because RBCs are pro inflammatory in mare)
34
Q

what is EHV3 called? other than herpesvirus lol

A

equine coital exanthema

35
Q

what are the C/S of EHV3/equine coital exanthema

A

nodule, vesicle, pustules appear then rupture

ulcers found on teats, lips, nasal mucosa

secondary bac t infections common

healing within 3 weeks = white scars

stallions = reluctant to breed

no systemic illness, doesn’t impact fertility or abortion

36
Q

what is the tx for EHV3?

A

sexual rest, Abx ointment

37
Q

true or false: EHV3 causes abortion storms and systemic illness

A

false! no impact on fertility or abortion, and doesn’t cause systemic illness

38
Q

what does CEM stand for? what is it caused by?

A

Contagious equine metritis

Taylorella equigenitalis

39
Q

true or false: CEM is reportable in Canada

A

true!!!

40
Q

what are the C/S of CEM

A

vaginitis, cervicitis, endometritis, muco-purulent vag D/C, abortion, infertility

stallions typically show NO C/S!!!

41
Q

true or false: chronic carriers happen in CEM in mares but not stallions

A

false! chronic carriers happen in both!!!!

42
Q

what breed of horse has a high transmission rate of CEM?

A

TB

43
Q

in QH and warmbloods, what is effective at preventing the spread of CEM?

A

Abx in semen extender

44
Q

how do you dx CEM?

A

mares: swabs from cervix/uterus, clitoral fossa, clitoral sinus

stallions: swab erect penis

need charcoal swabs

45
Q

how do you tx CEM?

A

wash external genitalia w/ disinfectant soap, apply topical Abx 5x

46
Q

what does EVA stand for and what causes it?

A

equine viral arteritis
Arterivirus

47
Q

what are the C/S of EVA?

A

edema of prepuce and scrotum, short-term sub fertility (high fever fucks up thermoreg), abortion storms in mares, systemic signs

48
Q

true or false: EVA has carriers

A

true

49
Q

how do you prevent EVA? what impact does this have on preggerwS?

A

vaccinate

it’s a live vaccine = shedding, so separate vaccinated horses from preg mares!

50
Q

before vaccinating for EVA, what must you do? why?

explain this process

A

serological testing to see if they’re carriers

no antibodies –> never been exposed = vaccinate

antibody titre –> infection or vaccination? –> virus testing of semen:
- positive = carrier
- negative = vaccinated

51
Q

what is the second most common tumor in horses?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

52
Q

SCC’s are more likely to develop in what type of skin?

A

deficient in melanin
commonly in mucocutaneous junction

541 (sex class) (22 decks)

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