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541 (sex class) > SA 1 > Flashcards

SA 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe bitch puberty. why do you not breed on the first cycle?

A

6-12 mos (up to 24 mos)
larger dogs tend to reach puberty at an older age than smaller dogs

first estrus tends to be irregular
split heat on first cycle common (6 wks b/t heats, w/ ovulation during 2nd heat)

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2
Q

how do you enhance onset of puberty in a bitch?

A

house with other estrous females

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3
Q

canines are ____estrous and are ______ breeds (seasonality)

A

monoestrous
non-seasonal

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4
Q

on average, bitches have ___ estrus periods per year

A

2

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5
Q

what is the dormitory effect?

A

syncing of estrous cycles of bitches who are living together

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6
Q

tell me the length of diestrus in the bitch.

A

2 months (60 days)

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7
Q

tell me the length of anestrus in the bitch.

A

4 months

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8
Q

tell me the length of proestrus in the bitch.

A

9 days (0-27)

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9
Q

tell me the length of estrus in the bitch.

A

9 days (4-21)

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10
Q

during anestrus, the bitch is/is not receptive to mating.

A

not!!

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11
Q

what does the bitch’s external genitalia look like in anestrus?

A

small vulva (no edema)

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12
Q

tell me about what the sex hormones are doing during anestrus in the bitch

A

deep anestrus: FSH and LH low

towards end of anestrus: LH and FSH increase –> follicular development = increase in E2

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13
Q

if you did vaginal cytology during bitch anestrus, what cells would you expect to find?

A

parabasal cells, occasional small intermediate cells

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14
Q

you perform a vag cytology in a bitch. what stage of estrous cycle is this bitch in?

A

anestrus

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15
Q

tell me about bitch behaviour while in proestrus.

A

female not interested in male, but may be playful. male is DEFINITELY interested in female thoooo

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16
Q

tell me about what the sex hormones are doing during bitch proestrus

A

follicles are growing = increase E2
ESTROGEN PEAKS AT END OF PROESTRUS

progesterone is low until the end of proestrus

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17
Q

when do estrogen levels peak during the bitch estrous cycle?

A

at the end of proestrus

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18
Q

tell me about how a bitch’s external genitalia looks like during proestrus.

A
  • serosanguinous discharge bc of diapedesis
  • vaginal mucosa appears smooth bc of edema
  • vulva swells (firm to touch) bc of edema
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19
Q

if we did a vaginoscopy during bitch proestrus, what would we find?

A

glistening mucosa
rounded edges (edema)

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20
Q

if we did vag cytology on a bitch in proestrus, what would we find?

A
  • RBCs (maybe) and neutrophils (mostly PMNs)
  • small and large intermediate cells
  • parabasal cells
  • superficial cells increase
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21
Q

you do a vag swab in a bitch and find this. what stage of estrus cycle is this bitch in?

A

proestrus

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22
Q

during estrus, the bitch is/is not receptive to mating.

A

is

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23
Q

tell me about what the sex hormones are up to during estrus in the bitch.

A
  • E2 is declining
  • P4 increases
  • LH surge occurs
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24
Q

tell me about the external genitalia of a bitch in estrus.

A

vaginal discharge is straw-coloured
vulva softens

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25
Q

when does ovulation occur

A

during estrus

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26
Q

what produces progesterone?

A

follicles!

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27
Q

what is estrous behaviour triggered by?

A

a decline in estrogen

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28
Q

you do a vaginoscopy of a bitch in estrus. what do you find?

A

mucosa wrinkles bc of decreasing edema due to decline in E2

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29
Q

you do vag cytology of a bitch in estrus. what do you expect to find?

A
  • increasing cornified cells (>90%)
  • mostly anuclear cells
  • no PMNs, no RBCs
  • background of smear very clear
  • cells may slough off in sheets (end of estrus)
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30
Q

you do a vag swab of a bitch and find these cells. what stage of estrous cycle in she in?

A

estrus

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31
Q

dogs ovulate a _____ _____. this is the same/different to other species.

what stage of meiosis is the oocyte in?

A

primary oocyte
different - most species ovulate a secondary oocyte

prophase I

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32
Q

what is the ramification of dogs ovulating a primary oocyte?

A

needs 2 days to mature and become a secondary oocyte that can be fertilized

this means bitches aren’t fertile until 2-3 days AFTER ovulation (they remain viable ~1 week after ovulation)

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33
Q

tell me about the behaviour of a bitch in diestrus.

A

NOT receptive to mating - no longer attracts males

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34
Q

tell me about what the sex hormones are doing during diestrus in the btich.

A
  • E2 low
  • P4 increases rapidly, peaking 3-4 weeks after onset of diestrus
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35
Q

you do vag cytology on a bitch in diestrus. what do you find?

A
  • abrupt decline in cornified cells
  • > 50% intermediate cells
  • WBCs present (PMNs)
  • parabasal cells
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36
Q

you do a vag swab in a bitch. what stage of the estrous cycle is she in?

A

diestrus

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37
Q

after ovulation in the bitch, what hormone predominates?

A

progesterone

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38
Q

tell me about the external genitalia of a bitch in diestrus.

A

vulva swelling decreases

39
Q

true or false: the length of diestrus in a bitch differs between a pregnant and non pregnant bitch.

A

FALSE! they are similar (60 days or 2 months)

40
Q

what cell is this?

A

parabasal cell

41
Q

what cell is this?

A

intermediate cell

42
Q

what cell is this?

A

superficial cell

43
Q

what cell is this?

A

anuclear cell

44
Q

true or false: serial sampling is required when a bitch is in proestrus.

A

true

45
Q

this is from a vag cytology. what stage of estrous cycle?

A

early proestrus

46
Q

this is from a vag cytology. what stage of estrous cycle?

A

late proestrus

47
Q

this is from a vag cytology. what stage of estrous cycle?

A

estrus

48
Q

this is from a vag cytology. what stage of estrous cycle?

A

estrus

49
Q

this is from a vag cytology. what stage of estrous cycle?

A

diestrus

50
Q

____ can be used to time ovulation in the bitch.

A

progesterone

51
Q

true or false: progesterone during estrus is a canine specific feature.

A

true!!!!!!!

P4 reaches concentrations observed in other species only with a CL

52
Q

tell me about E2, P4, and LH and how they interact with ovulation in the bitch.

A

E2 peaks during proestrus, triggers LH peak

LH peak occurs 1-2 days into estrus, initial progesterone rise occurs same time as LH surge

ovulation occurs 1-2 days after LH peak

53
Q

tell me the levels of P4 before LH peak, day of LH peak, when ovulation occurs, and when oocyte is matured

A

before LH peak: < 1 ng/mL
day of LH peak: ~ 2 ng/mL
ovulation: 4-6 ng/mL
oocyte matured: ~15 ng/mL & >

54
Q

tell me about serum P4 levels and the event is corresponds with in the bitch.

A

serum progesterone (ng/ml) - event

  • <1.0 - anestrus or proestrus
  • 1.0-1.9 - ovulation minus 3d
  • 2.0-2.9 - ovulation minus 2d
  • 3.0-3.9 - ovulation minus 1d
  • 4.0-8.0 - ovulation
  • > 10.0 w/ cornified vag cytology - ovulation plus 1-5 d
  • > 10.0 w/ non-cornified vag cytology - diestrus
55
Q

tell me how you breed dogs with bitch and stud in the same location.

A

present the female to the stud dog when she has been in heat ~7 days

breed every other day while the female is receptive

56
Q

tell me how you breed dogs with fresh semen

A

breed on days 2 and 4 post ovulation OR days 4 and 6 post LH peak

57
Q

tell me how you breed dogs with frozen semen

A

breed when oocyte ready for fertilization:

days 3-4 post ovulation OR day 5-6 post LH peak

58
Q

when should you do vag cytology in a breeding bitch?

A

every other day

59
Q

when should you start P4 testing in a breeding bitch?

A

when 60-70% cornified cells on vag cytology

60
Q

how often should you test P4?

A

test every 2 days

61
Q

when is peak fertility when compared to LH surge?

A

5-6 days post LH surge

62
Q

when is LH surge and ovulation compared to cytologic diestrus?

A

LH: 8 days
ovu: 6days

63
Q

when is the best time to breed when compared to serum p4 levels?

A

when serum P4 ~17-24 ng/mL

64
Q

tell me about dog sperm viability for fresh, chilled, and frozen semen.

A

fresh: 48h up to 11 d
chilled: at least 48 h
frozen: 12h

65
Q

what is the best option to suppress estrus in a bitch?

A

ovariohisterectomy (spay!!!!)

66
Q

why is there a bunch of potential negative side effects when you spay a dog?

A

increase in FSH and LH when spay, loss of negative feed back, may contribute to negative effects

67
Q

a female intended for reproduction requires 130-150 days after a cycle for… what? if <120 days, there is a potential for… what?

A

uterine involution/repair
infertility

68
Q

after pyometra is treated medically, females come in heat before _____ days. therefore, delay of ___ is also indicated.

A

120
estrus

69
Q

what’s the problem with using progesterone for estrus suppression?

A

no universally safe/effective protocol

70
Q

androgens are not recommended for longer than _____ for estrus suppression.

A

24 months

71
Q

what is the best option for estrus suppression? broad

A

GnRH agonists

72
Q

what are some forms of progesterone that can be used to suppress estrus in the bitch?

A
  • progestin (ex. megestrol acetate)
  • medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)
  • proligestone
73
Q

how does progestin act to suppress estrus?

A

negative feedback on HPA axis
decreases gonadotropins in most species but not reliably in dogs

anti-estrogenic

74
Q

when do you admin progestin to suppress estrus?

A

administered in anestrus/early proestrus –> prevents onset of estrus

75
Q

what is important to know if you use megestrol acetate to suppress estrus?

A

don’t tx more than 2 cycles in a row

don’t tx at pubertal estrus

contraindicated in pregnant dogs (masculinization of female puppies), and dogs with DM

76
Q

What is medroxyprogesterone acetate? when should you use it? what is important to know with this?

A

long acting progestin
use only in anestrus

side effects are common: uterine dz in 4-10% of females, increases incidence of mammary gland tumors

77
Q

how do you use proligestone and what’s important to know about this?

A

anti-gonadotropic properties (progestogen)

can be used at any stage of the cycle

don’t use on pubertal cycle

uterine disease in <0.3% of females

> 95% effective

not yet in NA

78
Q

how do androgens work to suppress estrus?

A

negative feedback on hypothalamus
binding of androgen receptors
reduced response to estrogens

79
Q

what androgen can you use to suppress estrus? an example

A

Mibolerone

80
Q

what is important to know about using Mibolerone?

A
  • must be administered 30 days before onset of proestrus
  • don’t use in pubertal estrus
  • clitoral hypertrophy
  • don’t use in pregnant females
  • avoid in Bedlington terriers
  • estrus return in ~70 days on average after cessation
  • tx for up to 5 years is reported
81
Q

how do GnRH agonists work to suppress estrus?

A

mimic GnRH with an initial LH and FSH stimulation (flare-up effect)

sustained exposure to GnRH, reduced GnRH-stimulated gonadotropin secretion through GnRH receptor down regulation and decreased receptor expression

82
Q

what is the disadvantage with using GnRH agonists to suppress estrus?

A

brief estrus at the start of admin

83
Q

how do you admin GnRH agonists?

A

sub q implant, anterior to umbilicus for ease of removal

84
Q

how do GnRH antagonists work to suppress estrus?

A

pituitary block of GnRH receptors –> immediate suppression of gonadotropins

high doses required to compete with endogenous GnRH

85
Q

what are the other names for a false pregnancy?

A

pseudopregnancy, pseudocyesis, galactorrhea

86
Q

false pregnancies happen because…? when do they happen?

A

response to a decline in systemic progesterone concentrations

2-3 months after estrus
3-4 days after OHE
3-4 days after discontinuation of exogenous P4

87
Q

true or false: intact female dogs have a low incidence of false pregnancies.

A

false!!! high incidence in intact females
65% on a regular basis

88
Q

what happens in a false pregnancy with progesterone and milk production?

A

2 mo diestrus –> mammary gland development

serum P4 at end of diestrus is accompanied by prolactin = increased milk production

89
Q

true or false: false pregnancy is related to pyometra.

A

false!!! it is NOT related to pyometra

90
Q

what is the theory around false pregnancy and pack behaviour?

A

atavism or vestigial pack behaviour:

dormitory effect –> females in a pack cycle in synchrony, but only dominant animals breed, subordinate females help raise pups

91
Q

what can you use to tx false pregnancies in dogs?

A
  • megestrol acetate
  • anti-prolactin drugs
92
Q

is it a good idea to ue megestrol acetate to tx false pregnancies? why?

A

nope

  • relapse after cessation of therapy
  • contraindicated in females with DM or mammary tumors
  • may promote development of CEH if given during diestrus
93
Q

what are the anti-prolactin drugs and what are their MOAs?

A

Bromocriptine = dopamine agonist
- dopamine inhibits prolactin secretion

Cabergoline, metergoline = serotonin antagonist
- serotonin stimulates prolactin secretion

94
Q

what happens if you treat a false pregnancy BUT the bitch is ACTUALLY PREGANANNANT?!!?!?!?

A

you will induce an abortion

541 (sex class) (22 decks)

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