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541 (sex class) > Male Repro > Flashcards

Male Repro Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between chimeras and mosaics?

A

chimera: mixing of 2 zygotes (freemartins)

mosaic: 1 zygote but genes come from different areas (calico cat)

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2
Q

what is a freemartin?

A

XX and XY bovine twins, XY affecting XX

vascular connections in placenta –> AMH from male tract develops prior to female tract –> regression of Mullerian ducts –> reduced development of female repro tract

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3
Q

what elevates the testse?

A

tunica dartos + cremaster mm

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4
Q

what provides countercurrent heat exchange in the testicke?

A

pampiniform plexus

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5
Q

why do bulls pant when their balls are hot?

A

reflex pathway resulting panting and scrotal weaning

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6
Q

what does dermatitis, tumors, and trauma do to external genitala of male cattle?

A

interfere with thermoreg!!

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7
Q

how do you dx hernias?

A

U/S

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8
Q

true or false: hernias are heritable

A

true

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9
Q

what are the ddx for enlarged scrotum

A
  • hernia
  • hydrocele
  • neoplasia
  • orchitis
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10
Q

what is a hydroceoel in the peepoee?

A

fluid in tunica vaginalis

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11
Q

hydrocoeles are _____ (uni/bi lateral)

A

unilateral

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12
Q

hydroceles cause…?

A

fluid holds heat = thermoreg issues
testicular degeneration

can go away after a while

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13
Q

cryptorchid testicles are prone to what?

A

neoplasia and torsion

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14
Q

bulls vs stallions: which testicule is usually the cryptorchid?

A

bull: L
stallion: R or L

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15
Q

age of testicular descent: stallions

A

9mo gestation to 1 week after birth (10 days in other lecture lol)

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16
Q

age of testicular descent cattle

A

3.5-4mo gestation

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17
Q

age of testicular descent sheep

A

midgestation

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18
Q

age of testicular descent dog

A

up to 6 mo

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19
Q

should you use cryptorchid animals for breeding?

A

NO DO NOT DO THAT YA BISHHHHHH

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20
Q

what pathological conditions can lead to small testes?

A

steroids, poor nutrition, heat/thermoreg issues, tumors, trauma

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21
Q

testicular hypoplasia vs testicular atrophy

A

hypoplasia: occurs prior to puberty; tissue never grows to full extend

atrophy: occurs after puberty; tissue was normal, and is now degenerating

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22
Q

what are the causes of testicular hypoplasia?

A
  • poor nutrition
  • Zn deficiency
  • endocrine and crytogenic abnormalities
  • reduced production of LH
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23
Q

true or false: testicular hypoplasia is heritable

A

true

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24
Q

how do you know when a testicle is hypoplastic/atrophic

A

<30-32cm circumference

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25
what causes testicular atrophy?
- advanced age - heat (fever, inflammation, infection) - trauma, torsion (vascular injury) - toxins, irradiation - hypovit A, B, C, E, Zn - hormones --> dexamethasone, E2, testosterone, zeranolorne - neoplasia
26
how do you tx testicular degeneration?
6-8 weeks recovery, but may not completely recovery so castration or slaughter
27
true or false: testicular degeneration develops progressively with age
true
28
which is more common, orchitis or epididymitis?
epididymitis
29
what causes orchitis?
infectious!! **Brucella** also E. coli, T. pyogenes, M. tuberculosis
30
what is the tx for orchitis?
castration
31
how do you dx orchitis?
U/S --> big gross abscesses in testes palpation --> larger, painful, hot, oedematous
32
what is the most common testciular neoplasia in bulls, dogs, and toms?
interstitial cell tumor
33
cryptorchids are prone to getting what type of neoplasia?
Sertoli cell tumor
34
testicular fibrosis is common in what signalment?
young beef bulls
35
epididymitis is common in what signalment?
rams and dogs
36
which is more common epididymitis in the tail vs the head?
tail
37
epididymitis is caused by what?
- epididymal obstruction - **testicular degeneration** - infertility - hematogenous (Brucella) - ascending (Actinobacilus, Histophilus, E. coli)
38
what are the testicles's responses to injury?
**spermatic granulomas** rupture of vas deferens --> spermatozoa foreign to body --> formation of antisperm antibody --> local inflammation/granulomatous --> severe scarring
39
what does the epididymus do?
final maturation of spermatozoa (motility, fertility)
40
what does the ampulla do?
enlargement of ductus deferens, pushes semen into urethra
41
what do the vesicular glands do?
ejaculate vol and fluid for sperms
42
what does the prostate do?
ejaculate fluid for sperm
43
what does the bulbourethral gland do?
provides gel fraction of ejaculate?
44
what accessory sex glands do bulls, rams, and bucks have?
ampulla, vesicular gland, disseminate prostate, bulbourethral
45
what accessory sex glands do camelids have?
prostate, bulbourethral
46
what accessory sex glands do stallions have?
ampulla, vesicular gland, prostate, bulbourethral
47
what accessory sex glands do boars have?
vesicular gland, prostate, bulbourethral
48
what accessory sex glands do dogs have?
prostate
49
what accessory sex glands do toms have?
prostate, bulboruethral
50
vesicular adenitis is common in what signalment?
younger, group housed bulls
51
what is the most common etiology of vesicular adenitis?
T. pyogenes
52
what is vesicular adenitis?
inflammation of vesicular glands
53
how do you tx vesicular adenitis?
systemic abx (oxytet, macrolides) spontaneously resolves in young bulls sx exicion injection of caustic material into gland (Abx, formalin)
54
what is a hair ring, where does it come from, how to tx, and why is it bad?
literally a ring of hair around penis young bulls mounting just peel them off and tx wound if there pain and inability to breed
55
what is a persistent penile frenulum?
in bulls, testosterone stimulation 4-6mo stimulates separation of penis from prepuce - this doesn't happen in this disorder affect erection and extension
56
how do you tx persistent penile frenulum?
ligate + severe, abx, sexual rest for 2 weeks
57
how do you tx fibropapillomas?
if they're small enough, just chop em off sx removal, cryosx, commercial autogenous vaccine, benign neglect
58
how to tx penile laceration
Abx and wound care
59
penile deviation: A) signalment? B) what causes it?
A) bulls B) defect in fibrous tinuca albuginea or apical ligament of penis
60
true or false: there is a sx correction for penile deviation
true. but mostly reserved for high value bulls
61
tell me about spiral deviation of penis in bulls (before vs after breeding)
before: abnormal!!! after: normal
62
what is balanoposthitis?
inflammation of penis + prepuce
63
what causes balanopothisitis?
BHV-1
64
how do you tx balanoposthitis?
self cure after 2 weeks sexual rest
65
what is pizzle rot?
inflammation of prepuce in sheep high urea in urine (high protein diet) --> proliferation of C. renal --> ulceration of prepuce
66
what causes pizzle rot?
Corynebacterium renale
67
what causes penile hematoma? aka broken penis
rupture of tunica albuginea common injury in bulls breeding or semen collection
68
what are the C/S of penile hematoma?
- swelling just in front of scrotum, dorsal to penis - preputial edema and prolapse - reluctance to breed
69
how do you tx penile hematoma? when can you do sx vs medical?
Sx: >20cm, <3days old - lance + drain, flush, close - systemic Abx, 2-3 mo sexual rest medical: - <20cm = 70% recover - >20cm = 50% recover - hydrotherapy, Abx, 6 mo sexual rest
70
what is a common sequela of penile hematoma?
prolapse of prepuce
71
what are some common complications of penile hematoma sx?
- abscess formation - peri-penile adhesions - desensitization of glans penis - vascular shunts b/t internal blood supply of CCP and external vasculature
72
how do you differentiate b/t penile hematoma and penile abscess
U/S?
73
what is phimosis?
unable to extend penis (adhesions, injury)
74
what is paraphimosis?
unable to retract penis (injury, swelling, edema)
75
with a pendulous prepuce, you don't want the prepuce below what landmarks?
below hocks or knees
76
what can you use to anesthetize th peen =?
- pudendal nerve block (innervates testes + penis) - dorsal penis nerve block

541 (sex class) (22 decks)

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