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541 (sex class) > Male Repro > Flashcards

Male Repro Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between chimeras and mosaics?

A

chimera: mixing of 2 zygotes (freemartins)

mosaic: 1 zygote but genes come from different areas (calico cat)

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2
Q

what is a freemartin?

A

XX and XY bovine twins, XY affecting XX

vascular connections in placenta –> AMH from male tract develops prior to female tract –> regression of Mullerian ducts –> reduced development of female repro tract

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3
Q

what elevates the testse?

A

tunica dartos + cremaster mm

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4
Q

what provides countercurrent heat exchange in the testicke?

A

pampiniform plexus

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5
Q

why do bulls pant when their balls are hot?

A

reflex pathway resulting panting and scrotal weaning

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6
Q

what does dermatitis, tumors, and trauma do to external genitala of male cattle?

A

interfere with thermoreg!!

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7
Q

how do you dx hernias?

A

U/S

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8
Q

true or false: hernias are heritable

A

true

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9
Q

what are the ddx for enlarged scrotum

A
  • hernia
  • hydrocele
  • neoplasia
  • orchitis
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10
Q

what is a hydroceoel in the peepoee?

A

fluid in tunica vaginalis

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11
Q

hydrocoeles are _____ (uni/bi lateral)

A

unilateral

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12
Q

hydroceles cause…?

A

fluid holds heat = thermoreg issues
testicular degeneration

can go away after a while

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13
Q

cryptorchid testicles are prone to what?

A

neoplasia and torsion

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14
Q

bulls vs stallions: which testicule is usually the cryptorchid?

A

bull: L
stallion: R or L

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15
Q

age of testicular descent: stallions

A

9mo gestation to 1 week after birth (10 days in other lecture lol)

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16
Q

age of testicular descent cattle

A

3.5-4mo gestation

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17
Q

age of testicular descent sheep

A

midgestation

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18
Q

age of testicular descent dog

A

up to 6 mo

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19
Q

should you use cryptorchid animals for breeding?

A

NO DO NOT DO THAT YA BISHHHHHH

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20
Q

what pathological conditions can lead to small testes?

A

steroids, poor nutrition, heat/thermoreg issues, tumors, trauma

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21
Q

testicular hypoplasia vs testicular atrophy

A

hypoplasia: occurs prior to puberty; tissue never grows to full extend

atrophy: occurs after puberty; tissue was normal, and is now degenerating

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22
Q

what are the causes of testicular hypoplasia?

A
  • poor nutrition
  • Zn deficiency
  • endocrine and crytogenic abnormalities
  • reduced production of LH
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23
Q

true or false: testicular hypoplasia is heritable

A

true

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24
Q

how do you know when a testicle is hypoplastic/atrophic

A

<30-32cm circumference

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25
Q

what causes testicular atrophy?

A
  • advanced age
  • heat (fever, inflammation, infection)
  • trauma, torsion (vascular injury)
  • toxins, irradiation
  • hypovit A, B, C, E, Zn
  • hormones –> dexamethasone, E2, testosterone, zeranolorne
  • neoplasia
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26
Q

how do you tx testicular degeneration?

A

6-8 weeks recovery, but may not completely recovery

so castration or slaughter

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27
Q

true or false: testicular degeneration develops progressively with age

A

true

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28
Q

which is more common, orchitis or epididymitis?

A

epididymitis

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29
Q

what causes orchitis?

A

infectious!! Brucella

also E. coli, T. pyogenes, M. tuberculosis

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30
Q

what is the tx for orchitis?

A

castration

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31
Q

how do you dx orchitis?

A

U/S –> big gross abscesses in testes
palpation –> larger, painful, hot, oedematous

32
Q

what is the most common testciular neoplasia in bulls, dogs, and toms?

A

interstitial cell tumor

33
Q

cryptorchids are prone to getting what type of neoplasia?

A

Sertoli cell tumor

34
Q

testicular fibrosis is common in what signalment?

A

young beef bulls

35
Q

epididymitis is common in what signalment?

A

rams and dogs

36
Q

which is more common epididymitis in the tail vs the head?

A

tail

37
Q

epididymitis is caused by what?

A
  • epididymal obstruction
  • testicular degeneration
  • infertility
  • hematogenous (Brucella)
  • ascending (Actinobacilus, Histophilus, E. coli)
38
Q

what are the testicles’s responses to injury?

A

spermatic granulomas

rupture of vas deferens –> spermatozoa foreign to body –> formation of antisperm antibody –> local inflammation/granulomatous –> severe scarring

39
Q

what does the epididymus do?

A

final maturation of spermatozoa (motility, fertility)

40
Q

what does the ampulla do?

A

enlargement of ductus deferens, pushes semen into urethra

41
Q

what do the vesicular glands do?

A

ejaculate vol and fluid for sperms

42
Q

what does the prostate do?

A

ejaculate fluid for sperm

43
Q

what does the bulbourethral gland do?

A

provides gel fraction of ejaculate?

44
Q

what accessory sex glands do bulls, rams, and bucks have?

A

ampulla, vesicular gland, disseminate prostate, bulbourethral

45
Q

what accessory sex glands do camelids have?

A

prostate, bulbourethral

46
Q

what accessory sex glands do stallions have?

A

ampulla, vesicular gland, prostate, bulbourethral

47
Q

what accessory sex glands do boars have?

A

vesicular gland, prostate, bulbourethral

48
Q

what accessory sex glands do dogs have?

A

prostate

49
Q

what accessory sex glands do toms have?

A

prostate, bulboruethral

50
Q

vesicular adenitis is common in what signalment?

A

younger, group housed bulls

51
Q

what is the most common etiology of vesicular adenitis?

A

T. pyogenes

52
Q

what is vesicular adenitis?

A

inflammation of vesicular glands

53
Q

how do you tx vesicular adenitis?

A

systemic abx (oxytet, macrolides)
spontaneously resolves in young bulls
sx exicion
injection of caustic material into gland (Abx, formalin)

54
Q

what is a hair ring, where does it come from, how to tx, and why is it bad?

A

literally a ring of hair around penis

young bulls mounting

just peel them off and tx wound if there

pain and inability to breed

55
Q

what is a persistent penile frenulum?

A

in bulls, testosterone stimulation 4-6mo stimulates separation of penis from prepuce - this doesn’t happen in this disorder

affect erection and extension

56
Q

how do you tx persistent penile frenulum?

A

ligate + severe, abx, sexual rest for 2 weeks

57
Q

how do you tx fibropapillomas?

A

if they’re small enough, just chop em off

sx removal, cryosx, commercial autogenous vaccine, benign neglect

58
Q

how to tx penile laceration

A

Abx and wound care

59
Q

penile deviation:
A) signalment?
B) what causes it?

A

A) bulls
B) defect in fibrous tinuca albuginea or apical ligament of penis

60
Q

true or false: there is a sx correction for penile deviation

A

true. but mostly reserved for high value bulls

61
Q

tell me about spiral deviation of penis in bulls (before vs after breeding)

A

before: abnormal!!!
after: normal

62
Q

what is balanoposthitis?

A

inflammation of penis + prepuce

63
Q

what causes balanopothisitis?

A

BHV-1

64
Q

how do you tx balanoposthitis?

A

self cure after 2 weeks sexual rest

65
Q

what is pizzle rot?

A

inflammation of prepuce in sheep

high urea in urine (high protein diet) –> proliferation of C. renal –> ulceration of prepuce

66
Q

what causes pizzle rot?

A

Corynebacterium renale

67
Q

what causes penile hematoma? aka broken penis

A

rupture of tunica albuginea

common injury in bulls

breeding or semen collection

68
Q

what are the C/S of penile hematoma?

A
  • swelling just in front of scrotum, dorsal to penis
  • preputial edema and prolapse
  • reluctance to breed
69
Q

how do you tx penile hematoma? when can you do sx vs medical?

A

Sx: >20cm, <3days old
- lance + drain, flush, close
- systemic Abx, 2-3 mo sexual rest

medical:
- <20cm = 70% recover
- >20cm = 50% recover
- hydrotherapy, Abx, 6 mo sexual rest

70
Q

what is a common sequela of penile hematoma?

A

prolapse of prepuce

71
Q

what are some common complications of penile hematoma sx?

A
  • abscess formation
  • peri-penile adhesions
  • desensitization of glans penis
  • vascular shunts b/t internal blood supply of CCP and external vasculature
72
Q

how do you differentiate b/t penile hematoma and penile abscess

A

U/S?

73
Q

what is phimosis?

A

unable to extend penis (adhesions, injury)

74
Q

what is paraphimosis?

A

unable to retract penis (injury, swelling, edema)

75
Q

with a pendulous prepuce, you don’t want the prepuce below what landmarks?

A

below hocks or knees

76
Q

what can you use to anesthetize th peen =?

A
  • pudendal nerve block (innervates testes + penis)
  • dorsal penis nerve block

541 (sex class) (22 decks)

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