Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

541 (sex class) > dairy uterine health > Flashcards

dairy uterine health Flashcards

1
Q

post partum uterine diseases in the cow are largely a result of _____. these risk factors play a role in this.

A

impaired immune function

  • DMI
  • metabolic health
  • stressors and hormonal changes
  • hypocalcemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why is there immune suppression at calving?

A
  • cortisol released from fetus to signal parturition
  • NEB (as NEFA and BHBA go up, neutrophil function goes down)
  • E2 increasing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tissue remodelling (mammary gland for lactogenesis, separation of cotyledon and caruncle, lipolysis) causes 4 things. what are they?

A
  • increase oxidative stress
  • decrease immune cell function
  • increase pro-inflammatory cytokines
  • increase acute phase proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the risk factors for uterine dz?

A
  • species of bacteria (virulence factors, strain)
  • level of contamination
  • DMI
  • E and lipid metabolic health
  • stressors and hormonal changes
  • hypocalcemia

balancing acts between immune response and bacterial contamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

dairy cattle need to eat ____ DM before calving for proper immune function. then it needs to be increased to ____ a day after calving for proper immune function.

A

22lbs, 50 lbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

who is affected by retained fetal membranes?

A

any bovine, but esp dairy cattle

incidence ranges from 5-15% in dairy catle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is retained fetal membranes?

A

failure to pass fetal membranes within 24 hours after calving

failure of cotyledons to separate from caruncles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why do retained fetal membranes happen?

A
  • neutrophil dysfunction (immune response and regulation)

additionally:
- abortion
- premature birth
- hydrops
- uterine torsion
- twinning
- dystocia
- induction of labor
- vitamin and mineral deficiencies (esp Vit E and selenium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is needed to separate cotyledons from caruncles?

A

neutrophils!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

true or false: retained fetal membranes is a disease of “lack of squeezing”.

A

false!

it is a disease of neutrophil dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the C/S of retained fetal membranes?

A
  • protrusion of fetal membranes hanging ventrally from vulva
  • tenesmus
  • fetid odour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do you manage retained fetal membranes in the cow?

A
  • most RFM’s separate and fall away 3-12 days after calving IF UNTREATED
  • cows with RFM that had dystocia, twinning, obesity, or induced parturition should be considered high risk for development of dystocia –> more justified prophylactic therapy
  • tx indicated if cow becomes systemically ill, usually due to metritis
  • treatments are not effective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

should you use oxytocin, PGF2alpha, or manual removal of fetal membranes to help retained placenta in cows? why or why not?

A

nope!

oxytocin: disease not due to lack of contractions, so oxytocin won’t help
PGF2alpha: CL needed to respond to this, and they don’t have CL until day 30 postpartum
manual removal: prolapse and hemorrhage can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is metritis?

A

inflammation of ALL layers of the uterus within 21 days of calving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

who is most at risk for metritis?

A
  • cows that had a retained placenta and were exposed to all the same risk factors as those without retained placenta
  • primiparous >multiparous
  • 10-20% dairy cattle affected
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the relationship bt DMI and metritis?

A

insufficient DMI prior to calving –> NEB –> poor immune function –> higher incidence of postpartum metritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the C/S of metritis?

A
  • foul smelling uterine discharge
  • ± systemic illness (fever, dullness, inappetence, tachycardia)
  • C/S typically appear w/i 1 week of calving, and almost always before 2 weeks after calving
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

tell me about the bac t involved with metritis

A
  • early uterine infection by E. coli
  • gram (-) anaerobes by 3-7 days post-calving (ex. F. necrophorum, Bacteriodes)
  • Truperella pyogenes in more chronic infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how can you dx metritis?

A
  • rectal exam –> looking for flaccid or atonic uterus w/ fluid distention, physometra, gentle raking of uterus yield brown-tinged, foul-smelling discharge, pain on palpation
  • Metricheck device –> insert into vag, push up to cervix, sweep, do visual check

if cow is systemically ill, no need to Metricheck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how do you assign scores of the Metricheck discharge?

A

0: clear or transcluent mucus
1: mucus containing flecks of white/off-white pus
2: discharge containing ≤50% white/off-white mucopurulent discharge
3: discharge containing ≥50% purulent material, usually white or sanguineous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how do you perform odour scoring of vag discharge?

A

0: no smell
3: rotten/putrid smell

either 0 or 3, no in-between ?!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how do you treat metritis?

A
  • cows w/ metritis & toxemia: ABs, fluids, NSAIDs
  • cows w/ metritis score >2 (visual + odour) + temp >39.5: systemic ABs

no clear evidence that intrauterine therapies are effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which ABs do you use to treat metritis?

A

Ceftiofur, ampicillin, penicillin

common to see penicillin G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the expected outcomes of metritis tx?

A
  • absence of fever in 80-100% of cows 2-6 days after tx
  • absence of fetid discharge after tx
  • no difference in pregnancy rate b/t ceftiofur and ampicillin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

true or false: cows are systemically ill with inflammation of the endometrium, with purulent vaginal discharge, and with cervicitis

A

false! not systemically ill with any of these diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the definition of purulent vaginal discharge (PVD)?

A

purulent or mucopurulent vaginal discharge

lmao

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where is the likely origin of Purulent Vaginal Discharge?

A

cervix (cervicitis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how can you diagnose purulent vaginal discharge?

A
  • clinical (can be seen with discharge or Metricheck)
  • cervical diameter >7.5 cm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

who gets purulent vaginal discharge the most?

A

15-30% of dairy cows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is endometritis and what are some other names for it?

A

Subclinical endometritis or cytological endometritis = endometrial inflammation

subclinical = only cytology or ancillary lab testing can accurately diagnose it

31
Q

how do you diagnose cytological endometritis and who gets it?

A
  • cytology brush or low vol uterine lavage = determine # of neutrophils on cytology
  • up to 50% of dairy cows
32
Q

PVD (purulent vag discharge) is associated with _____, especially ____ and _____

A

bacterial infection, esp T. pyogenes and A. pyogenes

33
Q

true or false: many cows with endometritis do not have concurrent bacterial infection

A

true

34
Q

what is a risk factor for endometritis?

A

cervical infection with trueperella or strep at week 3 post partum

35
Q

only about ___ of cows with PVD have concurrent endometritis

A

half

36
Q

uterine inflammation post partum should be gone by week ____ in a healthy cow

A

3

37
Q

tell me the difference between endometritis with excessive inflammation and endometritis with inadequate response

A

excessive: more inflammation than there should be post partum, and that doesn’t disappear after 3 weeks

inadequate: not as much inflammation as there normally is post partum, and it doesn’t go away after 3 weeks

38
Q

what effect does cytological endometritis have on median days to pregnancy?

A

increases median days to pregnancy (additional 1-2 heat cycles for cow to get preggers) = more $ for farmer and increase risk of culling

39
Q

how does uterine disease affect fertility

A

uterine disease perturbs the endometrium and the ovum = bad for fertility

40
Q

how can you dx PVD in the field?

A
  • metricheck (~4 weeks post partum)
  • US (fluid in uterus)

cytobrushing is not done in the field (impractical, costly)

41
Q

how do you tx PVD and endometritis?

A
  • PGF2 alpha (doesn’t really work)
  • ABs
42
Q

what is the rationale behind using PGF2alpha to tx PVD and endometritis?

A

induce luteolysis of CL, eliminate progesterone and it’s immunosuppressive effect, plus increase in E2 levels stimulates uterine contractions and clearance of its contents, supports combat against inflammation and infection by triggering influx of neutrophils and immunoglobulins into the uterine mucosa and mucus

not related to better pregnancy rates, but still commonly prescribed - they don’t really work

43
Q

what AB protocol should you use with PVD and endometritis?

A

Intrauterine admin w/ Cephapirin Benzathine

0 mild withhold, 2 day meat withhold

44
Q

true or false: you should use systemic ABs to tx PVD and endometritis

A

false

45
Q

what is the definition of pyometra?

A

accumulation of purulent material within the lumen of the uterus in the presence of a persistent CL and a closed cervix

46
Q

true or false: cows with pyometra are systemically healthy

A

true

47
Q

what is the difference between PVD and pyometra

A

pyometra: cervix is closed, presence of persistent CL
PVD: cervix is patent, may or may not be a CL

48
Q

how do you manage pyometra?

A
  • PGF2alpha (>1 injection 2 weeks apart)
  • estradiol (controversial) - to enhance squeeze of PGF2 alpha
  • therapeutic intrauterine flush for non-responders (time consuming, $$)
49
Q

why do we use PGF2 alpha in the treatment of pyometra?

A

cause luteolysis of CL and bring cow into estrus (open cervix, uterine tone, expel pus)

50
Q

how do we differentiate b/t a pyometra vs a pregnancy?

A
  • palpation
  • US

need to find a positive sign of pregnancy

51
Q

fetal mummification is most common at ______ gestation

A

4-6 months

52
Q

what is the pathogenesis of fetal mummification?

A

fetus dies –> uterus contracts __> progestin concentrations persist and fluid resorbs –> fetus becomes dry and firm

53
Q

list 3 broad etiologists of fetal mummification

A
  • genetic (rare) = holsteins, jerseys
  • torsion of umbilical cord
  • infectious
54
Q

list some infectious diseases that may cause fetal mummification

A
  • campylobacter fetus
  • neospora caninum
  • leptospira
  • BVD
55
Q

true or false: cows are generally clinical ill with fetal mummification

A

false! they are generally NOT clinically ill

56
Q

true or false: there has to be bacterial growth in the uterus for a mummy to form

A

false. there has to be NO bacterial growth in uterus!

57
Q

how do you dx fetal mummy?

A
  • rectal palp = thickened small uterus contracted around fetus, no palpable cotyledons, no membrane slip
  • US = loss of fetal fluids, hyper echoic fetal mass
58
Q

how do you treat fetal mummification?

A
  • attempt exogenous hormone injections (1-2 PGF2alpha to lyse CL and hopefully expel fetus)
  • C-section if high value cow
  • cull if no treatment (sterile uterine condition, cow not systemically ill)
59
Q

what is the prognosis if a fetal mummy is removed?

A

reasonable prognosis

60
Q

what is fetal maceration and when does it happen during gestation?

A

fetal death with partial cervica dilation = uterine contamination and bacterial growth

any stage of gestation

61
Q

what are the C/S of fetal maceration?

A

cow is acutely ill!

abdominal straining, fetid vulvar discharge, fever, anorexia

62
Q

how do you diagnose fetal maceration?

A
  • distended, swollen uterus
  • gas crepitation in uterus
63
Q

how do you treat fetal maceration?

A
  • attempt to remove fetus manually
  • hysterotomy
  • antimicrobials and supportive care
64
Q

which is more common, hydrops of the chorioallantois or hydrops of the amnion?

A

chorioallantois

65
Q

what is hydroallantois?

A

abnormal transudative allantoid fluid

the fetus is normal, it’s a defect of the placenta (uterine/placental dz, decreased number of caruncles, hypertrophies caruncles)

66
Q

there is an increased risk of hydroallantois in what?

A

multiple fetus pregnancies and IVF pregnancies (implanted embryos - recognize as non-self)

67
Q

what are the C/S of hydroallantois?

A
  • vary with the vol of fluid at presentation
  • fluid accumulates over a 5-20 day period in the 3rd trimester = progressive abdominal distention during the last 4-6 weeks of pregnancy
  • severe cases can accumulate 150-250L of fluid
  • progressive maternal tachycardia, anxiety, discomfort, reduced appetite, dehydration
68
Q

what is hydroamnios?

A

accumulation of thick syrup-like amniotic fluid

fetus is abnormal (brachygnathis and hydrocephalic calves) - amniotic fluid normally swallowed and absorbed into circulation

69
Q

when does hydroamnios and hydroallantois occur during gestation?

A

3rd trimester

70
Q

what are the C/S of hydroamnios?

A

cow is clinically normal with normal placenta!!!

slow enlargement, pear-shaped abdomen

71
Q

what are the tx for dropsical conditions?

A
  • induce abortion/parturition (prostaglandin, abort 36 hours later
  • supportive care
  • c-section (terminal or not)
72
Q

tell me when and why you’d do a c-section (terminal and not terminal) for dropsical conditions

A

normal c-section: hydroallantois —> if you try a c section, there is likely maternal compromise. will need help and it may go badly. so more often than not, esp if high value calf or low value cow, do terminal c section

terminal c-section: hydroallantois –> tend to be high value embryo in a cow with lower value. then terminal c section –> terminal bolt injection to cow, you have 3 mins to get the calf out

73
Q

how do you manage a rupture of the prepubic tendon?

A
  • need muscles to get baby out = elective c section
  • cull after calf weaned
  • pretty much impossible to fix

541 (sex class) (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions