equine 2 Flashcards
post-breeding endometritis: inflammation, semen, bacteria, and fluid should be removed within _____ of breeding
48 hours
if post-breeding endometritis is unresolved after ____, the mare is susceptible to _____.
48 hours
persistent breeding induced endometritis (PBIE)
Persistent breeding induced endometritis (PBIE) leads to —?
infectious endometritis and/or fibrosis if not treated due to the intense inflammation
what is the most common cause of infertility/subfertility in the mare?
PBIE
how do you diagnose endometritis in the field?
US
accumulation of > 2cm of uterine fluid
- during estrus or within 36 hours of being bred
what is going on in this US of a mare?
endometritis
how and when is PBIE treated?
- tx on presumptive dx (US), particularly if mare conceived
- w/ uterine lavage (Ringer’s) prior to and/or post breeding; oxytocin (wait 6h post AI), antiinflammatories, ± PGF2alpha
- repeat 6-12-24 hours if needed
- if no pregnancy occurs, cytology and culture
tell me the 2 broad risk factors for PBIE
- delayed mechanical clearance = prevents adequate lymphatic drainage post-ovulation and cervical closure
- uterine contractility dysfunction
tell me some things that result in delayed mechanical clearance in the mare, which is a risk factor for PBIE
- perineal conformation
- vaginal stretching
- cervical dysfunction
- pendulous uterus
- scar tissue in the end/myometrium
uterine contractility dysfunction results from _____, which is a risk factor for PBIE
improper response to oxytocin or prostaglandin
which mares receive prophylactic treatment for PBIE?
- mares who have failed to conceive
- mares who are older than 10 years
what is the prophylactic treatment for PBIE?
- uterine lavage post-breeding
- oxytocin to improve contractility
- PGF2 alpha
- antibiotics should only be used if confirmed bacterial culture
how do you manage PBIE?
- Caslick’s
- choice of breeding method
- investigate semen handling
what is the easiest and most efficient way to prevent bacterial contamination and improve conception rates?
Caslick’s vulvoplasty
biofilm formation is often associated with _____ bacteria.
gram -
- e coli, pseudomonas, klebsiella (some strep strains)
why are biofilms important to know about?
- bacteria are distinct from free-floating counterparts –> evade host immune system, not susceptible to routine tx
- difficult to dx and tx
- repeat infection rate is high
you should always suspect ____ with gram - bacteria
biofilm
how do you tx biofilm?
- antibiotics combined with biofilm disrupters (tris EDTA or DMSO) (common ABs)
fungal endometritis is often associated with ?
physical issues of the repro tract (pneumovagina, urovagina, cervical issues, etc)
overuse of ABs! – do not routinely use ABs with PBIE
what is the normal gestation length in the mare?
335-342 days
tell me the timeline and what happens during early pregnancy in the mare
day 0: early fertilization
day 2: 2-cell stage
day 4-5: morula
day 5-6: blastocyst
day 6.5: enter into uterus, PGF2alpha
day 8: capsule
day 10-16: mobility, PGF2alpha, can give NSAIDs
day 16: fixation
day 21: loss of the capsule
day 24: heartbeat
what is the function of the capsule during early pregnancy?
- required for development
- anti-adhesive property due to high content in sialic acid residues
- mechanical stability, able to withstand uterine contractions
conceptus is mobile from _____ days. how is it mobile?
10-16 days
conceptus secretes PGF2alpha –> uterine contractions –> conceptus gets propelled within the uterine lumen
I asked AI to generate art for me, showing an egg on a roller coaster having fun, and this is what it gave me
why is the egg mobile during days 10-16?
mobility is important for material recognition for pregnancy
this is poorly understood in the mare
recognition prevents endometrium from producing further PGF2 alpha, allowing CL to remain
what allows for fixation of the conceptus?
uterine tone + embryo size
tell me how to diagnose early pregnancy in the mare. tell me about which days you can see what.
transrectal US
day 10: embryonic vesicle (yolk sac)
day 14: easily detectable (~15mm)
day 21: embryonic vesicle looses its perfectly round shape
day 24: embryonic heartbeat visible
day 30: embryo seems to ascend within its vesicle
what is this an US of?
day 14 (?) embryo
what is the red arrow pointing to?
day 21 embryo
what is the red arrow pointing to?
day 24 embryo w/ heartbeat
what is the US of? what are the red arrows pointing to?
day 30 embryo ascending within its vesicle
upper arrow: regressing yolk sac
lower arrow: developing allantoic cavity