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PMVPH (round 2) > Surveillance at the abattoir > Flashcards

Surveillance at the abattoir Flashcards

1
Q

Define surveillance

A

epidemiological practice by which the spread of dz is monitored in order to establish patterns of progression

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2
Q

Aims - surveillance

A
  • predict, observe and minimise harm caused by outbreak/epidemic/pandemic as well as increase knowldege about which factors contribute to such circumstances
  • monitor freedom of disease status for a particular dz in a given country
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3
Q

Outline FMD outbreak

A
  • confirmed in pigs, England abattoir
  • still import a lot of NZ lamb as cheaper and not enough UK produced for UK consumption
  • 2026 premises infected
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4
Q

Advantages - abattoir surveillance

A
  • early detection of emerging and transboundary dz
  • monitor/control endemic dz
  • combined active/passive surveillance
  • access to many ‘farms’ at one point
  • assess health status of animal populations (but only certain animals or age groups)
  • dz eradication programs
  • important for detection of foodborne pathogens and AMR
  • monitoring of wildlife-associated dz
  • assessment of effectiveness of interventions
  • ascertainment freedom of dz
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5
Q

IS there testing at retail level?

A

Yes - resiudes, contaminants, microorganisms, AMR

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6
Q

T/F: for some dz, abattoir is only point of surveillance

A

True

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7
Q

Outline approach to surveillance

A

monitoring usually risk-based (mainly d/t finances)

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8
Q

Slaughterhouse - notifiable diseases

A
  • anthrax
  • bovine brucellosis
  • EBL
  • TSEs
  • bovine TB
  • warble fly
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9
Q

Anthrax - live animal instructions

A

suspect aniamls and animals in direct contact to be detained, isolated and reported to APHA immediately

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10
Q

Anthrax - sudden death instructions

A

should not be opened - risk of formation of highly resistant spores

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11
Q

Outline anthrax actions under APHA supervision

A
  • anthrax investigation - local veterinary inspector (LVI)
  • cleaning and disinfection of infected site (FBO)
  • carcass + organs detained (pending LVI investigation)
  • disposal carcass and organs (cat 2 ABP) - FBO
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12
Q

Instructions - bovine brucellosis

A
  • slaughter separately from other naimals
  • sample paired LNs (retropharyngeal, supra-mammary - females, superficial inguinal - males, bulls only = deep inguinal LNs, pasted testicles, epididymides and seminal vesicles)
  • avoid risk of contamination
  • DECISION: typical lesions -_> carcass + organs unfit for human consumption. No lesions observed –> udder + genital tract + blood declared unfit for human consumption.
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13
Q

Which tumours are not notifiable in cattle? What age is most likely to be affected?

A
  • papilloma and haemangioma

- over 24 months (if

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14
Q

Outline inspection decision - EBL

A
  • if animal or = 2 years (i.e. 2nd pair of incisors erupted)
    APHA investigation, animal detained in lairage, normal slaughter PM inspection, sample (tumours, enlarged LNs), carcass + offals to be detained pending test results, more likley to suffer from EBL than other ages
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15
Q

Describe TB surveillance

A
  • PASSIVE (compulsory slaughter on TB restricted farms, tuberculin test reactors - inconclusive reactors (IRs) and direct contacts (DCs)
  • ACTIVE: (slaughterhouse, TB status unknown), suspicious animals at AM inspection, suspect lesions in carcass or organs at PM inspection
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16
Q

T/F: BSE is still present in UK

A

Yes

  • last abattoir case in 2010
  • last UK case a few weeks ago (test all fallen stock at knacker yard for all farm deaths >24 months)
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17
Q

Latin name - warble fly

A

Hypoderma bovis

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18
Q

When was warbe fly UK eradicated?

A

1990

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19
Q

Describe warble fly action if you suspect it

A
  • in live animal or carcass –> OV to notify immediately VO

- if slaughter prior to VO arrival: carcass + hide + ear tag to be detained, 7ml clotted blood sample to be collected

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20
Q

When was last case of pseudorabies/ Aujesky’s disease in pigs in UK??

A

1989

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21
Q

Outline Aujesky’s disease?

A

++++

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22
Q

Which notifiable diseases would you test for in the presence of an animal DOA or DIL?

A
  • anthrax

- BSE (if > 48 months old)

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23
Q

Define DIL

A

Dead in Lairage

24
Q

Uses - CCIR (collection and communication of inspection results)

A
  • for non-notifiable diseases
  • information on animal diseases for the farmer and the farm’s vet
  • ID trends in infection dz
  • ID geographical areas at risk
  • health status of national herd
  • example: liver fluke, cysticercosis
25
Q

Describe the trichinella life cycle

A

+++

26
Q

Describe Trichinella surveillance. What is the exception to this?

A
  • mandatory testing: sows and boars
  • wild boar (any age, wild or farmed)
  • soilpeds (any age)
  • all pigs that aren’t reared in controlled housing conditions (FCI data check)
  • EXCEPTION: meat from domestic swine that have received freezing treatment (not applicable to wild boar or soilpeds)
27
Q

Is Trichinella present/absent in UK?

A

absent but has been detected in foxes (

28
Q

T/F: all meat has to be tested for DNA

A

True - in force since horse meat scandal

29
Q

Why was irish pork avoided?

A

presence of harmful dioxins

30
Q

What bacteria are tested for AMR?

A
  • salmonella spp
  • campylobacter spp
  • commensal E. coli (not VTEC)
  • extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers (ESBLs) bacteria
31
Q

Define NARMS

A

National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Scheme

32
Q

Define VSS

A

Veterinary Surveillance Scheme

33
Q

Role FBO (farm)

A

report outbreaks, animal health and welfare issues

34
Q

Vet role (farm)

A

residues of vet meds + animal health and welfare

35
Q

OV role (FSA)

A

animal dz and welfare reporting + decisions on slaughter line

36
Q

Role - FBO (abattoir)

A

food chain information + traceability + animal health + welfare

37
Q

Role - duty VO (APHA)

A

animal dz investigations and lab testing

38
Q

Suspicious CS of anthrax

A
  • sudden death
  • high temp
  • shivering, twicthing, fits
  • bright staring eyes
  • colicky pains
  • blood presence in nostrils and dung
39
Q

Things to consider when detecting a dz - 3

A
  • is animal/carcass fit for human consumption?
  • risks for animal/ PH
  • do you need to contact APHA?
40
Q

Outline TB case slaughter

A
  • to be slaughtered in separate slaughterhall or slaughtered last of the day
  • slaughterhouse cases only: carcasses detained + detailed PM inspection + sampling
  • cleaning/disinfection mandatory after slaughter of TB cases
  • avoid contamination (other carcasses, slaughterhouse staff, equipment and facilities)
41
Q

Describe compulsory slaughter from TB restricted farms

A
  • FARMER: FCI -farm with restrictions, animals marked with orange strip on back
  • APHA: date and # animals delivered, movement licenses, spreadsheet for recording PM findings
  • FSA: detailed PM inspection (carcass + offal), samples to APHA TB lab, completion of spreadsheet
42
Q

Outline role of APHA and FSA for slaughterhouse cases

A
  • APHA: determines if sample required or not, imposes restrictions and TB testing at farm of origin
  • FSA: report suspect cases to APHA, detailed AM/PM inspection, collect and dispatch samples to APHA TB lab
43
Q

Outline surveillance for animal welfare

A
  • FARM: abnormal behaviours, conditions (old fx)
  • TRANPSORT: mortality (DOA), trauma, stress
  • ABATTOIR: lairage conditions, animal management, ritual slaughter vs conventional, stunning method
  • OV reports to trading standards at AM inspection
44
Q

Differentiate OV and VO

A
  • OV = official veterinarian

- VO = veterinary officer (APHA)

45
Q

Define FVC

A

Field Veterinary Coordinator

46
Q

Define ND

A

Notifiable disease

47
Q

Outline inspection and sampling requirements for TB

A
  • LYMPH NODES: retropharyngeal (!), bronchial (!) and mediastinal (*!), parotid, submandibular or submaxillar, hepatic, mesenteric, supramammary
  • ORAGNS: lungs (*), pleura, liver, udder
    • = TB lesions likely observd
  • ! = mandatory testing if no visible lesions observed (Compulsory slaughter - 10 animals/ farm)
  • ALL LNs with visible lesions are to be tested (compulsory slaughter = 3 animals/farm)
48
Q

Outline montioring of campylobacter in poultry

A
  • Campylobacter risk management programme
  • APHA
  • AIM: reduce levels in raw chicken (broilers - all types of rearing)
  • TARGET: reduce the % of most heavily contaminated chickens at need of slaughter process from 27% to 10% by 2015 as this should lead to estimated reduction of number of human cases by up to 30% (90,000 cases/y)
49
Q

What is the Statutory Surveillance Programme?

A
  • VMD
  • monitoring of 3 groups of substances
  • GROUP A: substances having anabolic effect and unauthorised substances
  • GROUP B: veterinary drugs and contaminants
  • GROUP C: other substances and environmental contaminants
  • red meat, pouultry, wild/farmed game. Also farmed salmon/trout, eggs, honey, milk
50
Q

Dx - Trichinella

A
  • direct muscle digest method
  • batch sampling
  • up to 100g
  • different animals, divided by animal category/ species
  • RESULTS: negative then fit for human consumption + health mark. Positive –> to be confirmed by retesting. APHA notified. Carcass disposed as Cat 2 by-product
51
Q

Outline residue/contaminant testing of red meat/poultry

A
  • samples at abattoir (by FSA as requested by VMD)
  • 2 tier approach: screening and confirmation
  • samples processed by FERA
  • positive samples: vet med (on farm investigation, inform vet and farmer). Unauthorised substance: investigation and legal action (if required)
52
Q

List notifiable diseases in GB in food-producing animals

A
  • Bacillus anthracis
  • HPAI
  • BSE
  • Brucella abortus
  • Brucella meletensis
  • Brucella suis
  • Equine viral encephalitis
  • Glanders and Farcy (Burkholdenia mallei)
  • Newcastle dz and paramyxovirus
  • psittacosis (ornithosis) is only notifiable in NI
  • rabies (terrestial and EBLV)
  • rift valley fever
  • TB
  • vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)
  • WNV
  • samonella (if considered a risk of human health in NI)
53
Q

What is the main spp affected by Glanders and Farcy (Burkholdenia mallei)?

A

Horses

54
Q

Which diseases are reportable but not notifiable?

A
  • E. granulosus
  • E. multilocularis
  • salmonella
  • trichinella
  • otherwise all notifiable diseases are reportable (some only when under SAPO)
55
Q

Define

A

Specified Animal Pathogens Order

PMVPH (round 2) (45 decks)

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