PM inspection Flashcards
Is there a PH risk with terminal emphysema?
No(just bubblewrap texture is not appealing for humans) - not contagious but a physiological response - goes for petfood - causes: acute resp distress (slaughter specially on welfare grounds), fog fever, toxicities
Is there a PH risk with simple pericarditis?
- often no CS - reject heart as cat 3 - if carcase ok, then can go for human consumption. - if pyrexic -> reject as pyrexic carcases don’t bleed well
Is there a PH risk with endocarditis in RHS hear?
- as in RHS, origin is elsewhere in body –> look for focus of infection - if pyaemia –> reject whole carcase (often pyaemic embolus in lungs) - if carcase ok –> reject as cat 2 (may be infective for dogs so must be tx before going for pet food)
What are the main causes for cranial pneumonia in cattle?
- viruses (e.g. syncytial virus, BVD, IBR) or mycoplasma - usually carcasss normal so just reject lung
What is the parasitic cyst in cattle lungs?
Echinoccous granulosus
Is eating livers with fluke a risk for PH?
- no, it is zoonotic but infection is not through meat - human infected if swim in water with miracids (infective stage) or eat contaminated watercress
Appearance - lungworm
- rice noodle appearance in bronchus - caudal lobe consolidation - can enter food chain
Describe diffuse fatty change
- appearance like small animal fatty liver - category 3 –> pet food
What are common causes of liver abscess in adult cattle? What happens to the liver?
- traumatic reticulitis and ruminitis commonest causes - in young animals (joint ill) - Category 2 meat
Describe amyloidosis kidney, Fit for human consumption?
- v dense - yellow - amyloid accumulates in cortical area - usually 2ry to something pyaemic (abscess, reticulitis) - animal looses function of kidney - NOT fit for consumption - abnormal appearance so category 3 low risk
Outline interstitial nephritis
- secondary to infection - nephron damage - if carcase normal (kidneys –> pets, carcase fine unless leptospirosis –> reject whole carcase) - just reject kidney, rest of carcase fine - usually d/t UTI (especially females)
Outline renal cysts
- category 3 - no risk whatsoever, just not a nice flavour
Describe rump abscess
- d/t injection (remember always use neck or back as lower quality meat) - whole rump –> cat 2 - rest of carcase fine as fit for human consumption
Are newborn animals fit for human consumption?
No, only when navel has dried out (2-3 wks old)
What is the most popular meat consumed in UK?
- poultry - 78 white meat abattoris in UK - 4 wales - 7 scotland
What is monthly poultry slaughter figures?
70,000,000 broilers (105,000 tonnes)
At what age of commerical broilers slaughtered?
5-7 weeks (farmers operate in 2 month cycles). Organic can only be slaughtered if 81 days or older and can breed. Slow growing breeds only.
Outline the process of a poultry slaughterhouse. Where are the 2 OV inspection points?
AM inspection (OV) –> shackling –> stunning (gas) –> bleeding –> water bath (54-55 degrees, 3-4 minutes, removes feathers) –> plucking (1st PM inspection point) –> evisceration (2nd PM inspection point)
Commonest cause of DOA in poultry
Heart failure
FSA check at AM inspection
- animal ID - animal welfare - conditions
For poultry, you take a random sample at AM inspection adn inspect what?
- posture - respiratory conditions - cleanliness (dirty feathers) - wattle colour - FCI
T/:F AM inspection can also be performed at farm of origin for poultry
True (but must be performed within 24 hours of slaughter, otherwise repeat AM inspection)
How would you deal with a salmonella-positive batch (FCI evidence)?
slaughter last of day to prevent contamination unless animals are very sick then reject both
Interventions to decrease risk of salmonella
- mass vaccination - compulsory slaughter - disinfection process
Outline PM inspection
OV DUTIES: - daily inspection of a representative sample of birds (viscera and body cavities) - thorough inspection of random sample f birds rejected every batch - investigate potential causes of carcasses unfit for human consumption (residues, contaminants) - health certificate checks of birds for ‘foie gras’ production or delayed evisceration poultry (note - slaughtered at farm)
What is waterbelly?
- DOA (probably HF) - category 2 (never fit for human consumption) - liver/BV/mm congestion
What is Oregon disease?
- deep pectoral myopathy - d/t fast growth rate - mm necrosis d/t ischaemia as heart/lungs can do this - reject affected part, use rest of carcase (partial condemnation - trimming) = discolouration of supracoricoideus mm
Effect of E.coli infection –> pericarditis and perihepatitis
reject whole carcase
Action: water belly / ascites carcase
- reject whole carcase as cat 2 - if you think physiological and not infected –> cat 3
What are the main causes for fractures and bruising in poultry observed at slaughter?
catching and poor hanging technique
What are the main causes for fractures and bruising in poultry at farm level?
- thinning - catching - trauma by other birds - poor housing design
Action - pericarditis
- reject offal - usually people can’t be bothered to do this so whole carcase rejected
Overscalding (left in hot water tank too long) - action
- if cooking nuggets - if cooking > 2mm, not fit for human consumption - cat 3
What is a breast blister?
- welfare issue? - heavier birds - usually always lying down - trim - if too deep –> reject carcase
Outline coliform cellulitis.
- if wet/diffuse - reject whole carcase - cat. 2 - if dry/localised - cut out affected area, cat 3 or fit for human consumption - AGENT = E.coli
Outline F.hepatica human infection cycle
Causes - withhold of hte health mark
- failure of AM and/or PM inspection - presence of SRM (except vertebral column of bovines > 30 months) - carcases with visible contamination or gross pathology - where residues/contaminants are suspected - carcases produced in abattoir with contaminated water supply (if risk to PH exists) - inadequate inspection facilities/ inspection - meat declared by OV to be unfit for human consumption
Name SRM to be removed from carcass - all ages - cattle
- tonsils - last 4m of small intestine - caecum - mesentery
Cattle - > 12months - SRM
- skull excluding mandible, inclyding brain, eyes and SC
Cattle > 30 months SRM
Vertebral column including DRG but excluding: - tail vertebrae - spinous and transverse process of C/T/L vertebrae - median sacral crest and wings of sacrum
SRM - sheep/goats - all ages
- spleen - ileum (to ensure all removed, approx 60cm of terminal SU should be removed and disposed from ileocaecal junction, upwards and away from caecum)
SRM - sheep/goats >12 months (or permanent incisor erupted)
- skull including brain, eyes, tonsils, SC - skull doesn’t include horns
Describe disposal of category 1 ABPs
incineration in registered plant
Define ABP
Animal By Product
Method of disposal of cat 2 ABP
incineration, after heat treatment: fertiliser, biogas or compost
Method of disposal of cat 3 ABPs
incineration, petfood, technical use, biogas, compost
Common causes for DOAs/DILs in poultry
- CHF - trauma crates/handling SPIKES IN MORTALITY RATE: - thermal stress - transport - abattoir - stress (poor handling) - infectious disease (HPAI strains)
Decision - pericarditis, peri-hepatitis and peritonitis in poultry
Total condemnation (systemic) - cause mainly infectioys
Outline poultry pericarditis
- can occur early in life or later (growing) - E.coli or Salmonella often subsequent to viral respiratory dz challenege
Outline perihepatitis in poultry
d/t E.coli infection, less frequently salmonella
Outline peritonitis in poultry
- may be secondary to previous condition (trauma, salpingitis, enteritis or hepatitis) - for end of lay hens often find ‘egg peritonitis’ - E.coli most commonly, Pasteurella may also be found
Cause - oregon’s dz
= deep pectoral myopathy - in periods of intense muscular activity there is an occlusion of the blood supply resulting in blood remaining trapped on the muscle and no oxygen is received.
What is many birds have oregon’s dz?
farmer to be notified for farm investigation
Decision - oregon’s disease?
- partial condemnation (trim affected part) - discolouration of supracoricoideus.
Main causes - fx and brusing in poultry observed at slaughter
- poor farm welfare - catching teams poorly trained - catching machines poorly maintained - poor transportation/ crate maintenance - poor technique at uncrating and hanging on - poor line environment before reaching stunner * estimates state 90% bruising occurs within 12-24 h of slaugher
Why are scalded carcases totally condemmed if >2mm cooked?
- tissue more susceptible to bacterial growth, deterioration from bacteria and a reduced shelf life - carcases become sticky to the touch and the skin appearance is brighter and whiter
What is a breast blisetr?
bursa inflamed by trauma or infxn, fluid accumulates and appears as a fluid filled blister 1-3cm diameter
Causes - breast blister
TRAUMA TO THE BURSA: - poor feathering - hard flooring - leg weakness (increased time of sitting on keel or sternum) - coarse bedding materials or wet litter conditions - infectious (Mycoplasma synoviae, Staphylococcus and Pasteurella spp, either from local trauma (Staph) or as an extension of a systemic infection
Causes - right sided heart failure in poultry causing ascites
- high growth rate birds (most important) - inadequate ventilation (housing or incubation) - gelatinous nature of fluid is d/t mvt of plasma proteins from the blood and liver into the abdominal cavity in the later stages of the condition - not infectious in nature
Causes - cellulitis
- increased use of slow-feathering broilers with a prominent abdomen (birds more exposed to scratching) - higher density in sheds - higher litter humidity
How are salmonella-positive batches dealt with?
(if FCI evidence from farm of origin) - birds to be slaughtered at end of production day/run - may be slaughtered first on welfare grounds - cleaning and disinfection of line after slaughter
How likely are certain diseases to be picked up at slaughter and PM inspection?
