Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PMVPH (round 2) > Notifiable diseases > Flashcards

Notifiable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

When are diseases made notifiable?

A

When they have significant impact on one or more of:

  • international trade
  • public health
  • animal welfare
  • wider society
  • but cost an availability of solutions must be considered
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is meant by ‘availability of solutions’?

A
  • ability to test (diagnostic capability and capacity)
  • this is particularly relevant for new dz where time may not have allowed diagnostic tests to be developed
  • control: if there is no way to control or stop the spread, although it can give useful epidemiological information in the early outbreak
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a notifiable disease

A
  • named in section 88 of animal health act 1981 OR

- an order made under the animal health act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who must APHA notify of an outbreak?

A
  • local authorities
  • european commission
  • OIE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Impact - notifiable dz on international trade

A
  • many countries will refuse to accept animal (products) until situation is resolved
  • many export health certificates require confirmation of freedom
  • transparency and openness ensures mutual trust
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Outline animal welfare and notifiable dz

A
  • pain (FMDV)
  • extreme confusion and discomfort (rabies)
  • having a notifiable dz confirmed in a group of animals can cause human welfare problems too
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Outline impact of notifiable dz on wider society

A
  • restrictions will limit other businesses (tourism, feed merchants, contractors, vet practices)
  • overreactions to animal products (reduced purchase of meat d/t fears about vaccine residues or meat contamination)
  • national reputation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T/F: compensation is paid in many cases of notifiable dz

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is lameness in dairy cows not notifiable?

A
  • multifactorial (makes definitive dx difficult so confirming eradication would be impossible)
  • very prevalent (makes costs excessive)
  • not zoonotic
  • no international agreement on diagnostic criteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are consultation cases?

A

APHA vets meet with private vets at location to help make a decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do we maintain dz free status?

A
  1. make dz notifiable

2. testing programmes (active/ passive surveillance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does APHA do to reduce risk of notifiable dz outbreaks?

A

> We do not allow imports from infected areas or countries
(either temporarily or permanently)
• pre-export tests and or isolation
• post-import documentary, identity and
physical checks
• Where deemed necessary, we require post-import
isolation or quarantine
• We develop trusting relationships with trading partners,
and support international co-operation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Differentiate exotic and endemic notifiable dz

A
  • EXOTIC: FMDV, rabies, avian influenza,

- ENDEMIC: bovine TB, scrapie, EBL(2) bat rabies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What to do if you suspect a notifiable dz?

A

notify the DUTY VET at the nearest APHA office. stay on the farm. clear information at the ready. have different numbers for OOH etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List notifiable dz in pigs

A
  • ASF
  • Aujeszky’s dz
  • Brucella suis
  • CSF
  • FMDV
  • rabies
  • Swine vesicular disease
  • teschen disease
  • vesicular stomatitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name 3 notifiable dz in poultry

A
  • avian influenza
  • NDV
  • paramyxovirus in pigeons
17
Q

List equine notifiable dz

A
  • african horse sickness
  • contagious equine metritis
  • dourine
  • epizootic lymphangitis
  • equine viral arteritis
  • equine viral encephalomyelitis
  • EIA
  • glanders and farcy
  • rabies
  • vesicular stomatitis
  • WNV
18
Q

List zoonotic dz which are notifiable

A
  • antrhax
  • avian influenza
  • BSE
  • B. abortus/ melitensis/ suis
  • Equine viral encephalomyelitis
  • glanders and farcy
  • NDV
  • rabies
  • bTB
  • WNV
19
Q

Which dz have recently been eradicated from the UK?

A 
Aujeszky’s Disease 1989
• Brucella abortus 2004
• Brucella melitensis 1956
• Classical Swine Fever 2000
• Contagious Equine Metritis 2012
• Enzootic Bovine Leukosis 1996
• Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis 2004
• Equine Infectious Anaemia 2010
• Foot and Mouth Disease 2007
• Newcastle Disease 2006
• Swine Vesicular Disease 1982
20
Q

How is a notifiable dz confirmed?

A
  • by a UK CVO
  • approach depends on specific dz
  • many dz (AI, Swine fever -classical or african) are dealth with by slaughter
  • other (BTV) controlled by vaccination and movement controls
21
Q

Outline control zones

A

based on the geographical location of the
infected premise(s)
• The inner circle, 3km radius, is called the protection zone
• A further circle, 10 km radius, is called the surveillance
zone
• Other zones may be applied
• Rules are complex, risk-based and gradually relaxed as
the disease eradication process is applied
- control zones are legally defined areas where specific rules are in force

22
Q

List even-toed ungulates (i.e. what FMDV affects)

A
  • cattle
  • sheep
  • goats
  • pigs
  • camelids
  • some exotics
23
Q

How many FMDV cases were there in 2001 and 2007?

A
  • 2001: 2026 confirmed cases

- 2007: 8 confirmed cases

24
Q

Outline UK HPAI outbreaks

A
  • 1st case confirmed in 2006 in Scotland
  • occasional cases since
  • potentially zoonotic, additional biosecurity required
  • commonly wild bird infection
25
Q

When to suspect avian influenza?

A
  • increased mortality
  • reduced egg production/ growth
  • sick birds: cyanosis of comb, respiratory distress, anorexia, diarrhoea
  • these signs are non-specific thus a vet needs to decide whether the suspicion of dz is strong enough to notify APHA
26
Q

What animal should you watch carefully for rabies?

A

illegally imported pupies

27
Q

Incubation period - rabies in dog/fox

A

3-8 weeks. once in brain, CS develop within 1-7 days and death normally occurs by 8th day after signs emerge.

28
Q

How common is bat rabies in the UK?

A
  • since 1977, 5 human deaths in Europe
  • infected EBLV2 bats are found in GB (10 since 1996)
  • avoid handling bats unless vaccinated
29
Q

CS - BTV in ruminants

A
  • nasal discharge
  • oral lesions
  • pyrexia
  • coronary band lesions
  • FMDV can look similar
30
Q

Outline African horse sickness

A
  • highly fatal (70-95%)
  • highly infectious
  • horses/ donkeys/ mules
  • endemic in sub-saharan africa
  • spread by culicoides
  • never occurred in GB
31
Q

Describe the pulmonary and cardiac form of african horse sickness

A
  • PULMONARY: fever, incubation 3-5 days, laboured breathing, foamy discharge, 90% mortality
  • CARDIAC: swellings over face, eyes, death from heart failure. incubation 7-14 days, 60% mortality
32
Q

Outline WNV

A
  • infects birds, horses, humans
  • spread by Culex mosquitos (known to occur in UK)
  • -> encephalitis and meningitis
  • migratory birds most likely mechanism into UK
  • Africa, Middle East, Asia and USA recently
  • has NEVER occurred in UK
33
Q

CS- WNV

A
  • mostly subclinical (humans, equidae)

- horses 35% mortality in those showing CS

34
Q

Outline vaccine to WNV

A
  • no licensed vaccine for humans

- licensed vaccine for horses

35
Q

What is Horizon scanning?

A

APHA staff constantly scan the horizon for disease
problems:
o Notifiable disease outbreaks in other countries
o New and emerging diseases (for example, Porcine Epidemic
Diarrhoea)
o Disease patterns in GB for existing notifiable diseases
o Risks are assessed and action taken accordingly.

36
Q

What is the OV’s role in notifiable dz?

A

• Be aware of how notifiable diseases are transmitted
• Consider the type of premises affected; markets and
shows are particularly difficult
• Make sure you know how to contact APHA, including out
of hours arrangements.

37
Q

List notifiable diseases in cattle

A
  • anthrax
  • BSE
  • BTV
  • Brucella abortus
  • Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pneumonia
  • Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)
  • FMDV
  • lumpy skin disease
  • rabies
  • rift valley fever
  • rinderpest
  • bTB
  • vesicular stomatitis
38
Q

List notifiable dz in sheep and goats

A
  • BTV
  • B. melitensis
  • contagious agalactia
  • contagious epididymitis
  • FMDV
  • goat pox
  • peste des petits ruminants
  • rabies
  • rift valley fever
  • scrapie
  • sheep pox
  • sheep scab

PMVPH (round 2) (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions