Notifiable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

When are diseases made notifiable?

A

When they have significant impact on one or more of:

  • international trade
  • public health
  • animal welfare
  • wider society
  • but cost an availability of solutions must be considered
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2
Q

What is meant by ‘availability of solutions’?

A
  • ability to test (diagnostic capability and capacity)
  • this is particularly relevant for new dz where time may not have allowed diagnostic tests to be developed
  • control: if there is no way to control or stop the spread, although it can give useful epidemiological information in the early outbreak
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3
Q

What is a notifiable disease

A
  • named in section 88 of animal health act 1981 OR

- an order made under the animal health act

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4
Q

Who must APHA notify of an outbreak?

A
  • local authorities
  • european commission
  • OIE
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5
Q

Impact - notifiable dz on international trade

A
  • many countries will refuse to accept animal (products) until situation is resolved
  • many export health certificates require confirmation of freedom
  • transparency and openness ensures mutual trust
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6
Q

Outline animal welfare and notifiable dz

A
  • pain (FMDV)
  • extreme confusion and discomfort (rabies)
  • having a notifiable dz confirmed in a group of animals can cause human welfare problems too
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7
Q

Outline impact of notifiable dz on wider society

A
  • restrictions will limit other businesses (tourism, feed merchants, contractors, vet practices)
  • overreactions to animal products (reduced purchase of meat d/t fears about vaccine residues or meat contamination)
  • national reputation
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8
Q

T/F: compensation is paid in many cases of notifiable dz

A

True

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9
Q

Why is lameness in dairy cows not notifiable?

A
  • multifactorial (makes definitive dx difficult so confirming eradication would be impossible)
  • very prevalent (makes costs excessive)
  • not zoonotic
  • no international agreement on diagnostic criteria
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10
Q

What are consultation cases?

A

APHA vets meet with private vets at location to help make a decision

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11
Q

How do we maintain dz free status?

A
  1. make dz notifiable

2. testing programmes (active/ passive surveillance)

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12
Q

What does APHA do to reduce risk of notifiable dz outbreaks?

A

> We do not allow imports from infected areas or countries
(either temporarily or permanently)
• pre-export tests and or isolation
• post-import documentary, identity and
physical checks
• Where deemed necessary, we require post-import
isolation or quarantine
• We develop trusting relationships with trading partners,
and support international co-operation

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13
Q

Differentiate exotic and endemic notifiable dz

A
  • EXOTIC: FMDV, rabies, avian influenza,

- ENDEMIC: bovine TB, scrapie, EBL(2) bat rabies

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14
Q

What to do if you suspect a notifiable dz?

A

notify the DUTY VET at the nearest APHA office. stay on the farm. clear information at the ready. have different numbers for OOH etc.

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15
Q

List notifiable dz in pigs

A
  • ASF
  • Aujeszky’s dz
  • Brucella suis
  • CSF
  • FMDV
  • rabies
  • Swine vesicular disease
  • teschen disease
  • vesicular stomatitis
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16
Q

Name 3 notifiable dz in poultry

A
  • avian influenza
  • NDV
  • paramyxovirus in pigeons
17
Q

List equine notifiable dz

A
  • african horse sickness
  • contagious equine metritis
  • dourine
  • epizootic lymphangitis
  • equine viral arteritis
  • equine viral encephalomyelitis
  • EIA
  • glanders and farcy
  • rabies
  • vesicular stomatitis
  • WNV
18
Q

List zoonotic dz which are notifiable

A
  • antrhax
  • avian influenza
  • BSE
  • B. abortus/ melitensis/ suis
  • Equine viral encephalomyelitis
  • glanders and farcy
  • NDV
  • rabies
  • bTB
  • WNV
19
Q

Which dz have recently been eradicated from the UK?

A
Aujeszky’s Disease 1989
• Brucella abortus 2004
• Brucella melitensis 1956
• Classical Swine Fever 2000
• Contagious Equine Metritis 2012
• Enzootic Bovine Leukosis 1996
• Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis 2004
• Equine Infectious Anaemia 2010
• Foot and Mouth Disease 2007
• Newcastle Disease 2006
• Swine Vesicular Disease 1982
20
Q

How is a notifiable dz confirmed?

A
  • by a UK CVO
  • approach depends on specific dz
  • many dz (AI, Swine fever -classical or african) are dealth with by slaughter
  • other (BTV) controlled by vaccination and movement controls
21
Q

Outline control zones

A

based on the geographical location of the
infected premise(s)
• The inner circle, 3km radius, is called the protection zone
• A further circle, 10 km radius, is called the surveillance
zone
• Other zones may be applied
• Rules are complex, risk-based and gradually relaxed as
the disease eradication process is applied
- control zones are legally defined areas where specific rules are in force

22
Q

List even-toed ungulates (i.e. what FMDV affects)

A
  • cattle
  • sheep
  • goats
  • pigs
  • camelids
  • some exotics
23
Q

How many FMDV cases were there in 2001 and 2007?

A
  • 2001: 2026 confirmed cases

- 2007: 8 confirmed cases

24
Q

Outline UK HPAI outbreaks

A
  • 1st case confirmed in 2006 in Scotland
  • occasional cases since
  • potentially zoonotic, additional biosecurity required
  • commonly wild bird infection
25
When to suspect avian influenza?
- increased mortality - reduced egg production/ growth - sick birds: cyanosis of comb, respiratory distress, anorexia, diarrhoea - these signs are non-specific thus a vet needs to decide whether the suspicion of dz is strong enough to notify APHA
26
What animal should you watch carefully for rabies?
illegally imported pupies
27
Incubation period - rabies in dog/fox
3-8 weeks. once in brain, CS develop within 1-7 days and death normally occurs by 8th day after signs emerge.
28
How common is bat rabies in the UK?
- since 1977, 5 human deaths in Europe - infected EBLV2 bats are found in GB (10 since 1996) - avoid handling bats unless vaccinated
29
CS - BTV in ruminants
- nasal discharge - oral lesions - pyrexia - coronary band lesions * FMDV can look similar
30
Outline African horse sickness
- highly fatal (70-95%) - highly infectious - horses/ donkeys/ mules - endemic in sub-saharan africa - spread by culicoides - never occurred in GB
31
Describe the pulmonary and cardiac form of african horse sickness
- PULMONARY: fever, incubation 3-5 days, laboured breathing, foamy discharge, 90% mortality - CARDIAC: swellings over face, eyes, death from heart failure. incubation 7-14 days, 60% mortality
32
Outline WNV
- infects birds, horses, humans - spread by Culex mosquitos (known to occur in UK) - -> encephalitis and meningitis - migratory birds most likely mechanism into UK - Africa, Middle East, Asia and USA recently - has NEVER occurred in UK
33
CS- WNV
- mostly subclinical (humans, equidae) | - horses 35% mortality in those showing CS
34
Outline vaccine to WNV
- no licensed vaccine for humans | - licensed vaccine for horses
35
What is Horizon scanning?
APHA staff constantly scan the horizon for disease problems: o Notifiable disease outbreaks in other countries o New and emerging diseases (for example, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea) o Disease patterns in GB for existing notifiable diseases o Risks are assessed and action taken accordingly.
36
What is the OV's role in notifiable dz?
• Be aware of how notifiable diseases are transmitted • Consider the type of premises affected; markets and shows are particularly difficult • Make sure you know how to contact APHA, including out of hours arrangements.
37
List notifiable diseases in cattle
- anthrax - BSE - BTV - Brucella abortus - Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pneumonia - Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) - FMDV - lumpy skin disease - rabies - rift valley fever - rinderpest - bTB - vesicular stomatitis
38
List notifiable dz in sheep and goats
- BTV - B. melitensis - contagious agalactia - contagious epididymitis - FMDV - goat pox - peste des petits ruminants - rabies - rift valley fever - scrapie - sheep pox - sheep scab