Notifiable diseases Flashcards
When are diseases made notifiable?
When they have significant impact on one or more of:
- international trade
- public health
- animal welfare
- wider society
- but cost an availability of solutions must be considered
What is meant by ‘availability of solutions’?
- ability to test (diagnostic capability and capacity)
- this is particularly relevant for new dz where time may not have allowed diagnostic tests to be developed
- control: if there is no way to control or stop the spread, although it can give useful epidemiological information in the early outbreak
What is a notifiable disease
- named in section 88 of animal health act 1981 OR
- an order made under the animal health act
Who must APHA notify of an outbreak?
- local authorities
- european commission
- OIE
Impact - notifiable dz on international trade
- many countries will refuse to accept animal (products) until situation is resolved
- many export health certificates require confirmation of freedom
- transparency and openness ensures mutual trust
Outline animal welfare and notifiable dz
- pain (FMDV)
- extreme confusion and discomfort (rabies)
- having a notifiable dz confirmed in a group of animals can cause human welfare problems too
Outline impact of notifiable dz on wider society
- restrictions will limit other businesses (tourism, feed merchants, contractors, vet practices)
- overreactions to animal products (reduced purchase of meat d/t fears about vaccine residues or meat contamination)
- national reputation
T/F: compensation is paid in many cases of notifiable dz
True
Why is lameness in dairy cows not notifiable?
- multifactorial (makes definitive dx difficult so confirming eradication would be impossible)
- very prevalent (makes costs excessive)
- not zoonotic
- no international agreement on diagnostic criteria
What are consultation cases?
APHA vets meet with private vets at location to help make a decision
How do we maintain dz free status?
- make dz notifiable
2. testing programmes (active/ passive surveillance)
What does APHA do to reduce risk of notifiable dz outbreaks?
> We do not allow imports from infected areas or countries
(either temporarily or permanently)
• pre-export tests and or isolation
• post-import documentary, identity and
physical checks
• Where deemed necessary, we require post-import
isolation or quarantine
• We develop trusting relationships with trading partners,
and support international co-operation
Differentiate exotic and endemic notifiable dz
- EXOTIC: FMDV, rabies, avian influenza,
- ENDEMIC: bovine TB, scrapie, EBL(2) bat rabies
What to do if you suspect a notifiable dz?
notify the DUTY VET at the nearest APHA office. stay on the farm. clear information at the ready. have different numbers for OOH etc.
List notifiable dz in pigs
- ASF
- Aujeszky’s dz
- Brucella suis
- CSF
- FMDV
- rabies
- Swine vesicular disease
- teschen disease
- vesicular stomatitis
Name 3 notifiable dz in poultry
- avian influenza
- NDV
- paramyxovirus in pigeons
List equine notifiable dz
- african horse sickness
- contagious equine metritis
- dourine
- epizootic lymphangitis
- equine viral arteritis
- equine viral encephalomyelitis
- EIA
- glanders and farcy
- rabies
- vesicular stomatitis
- WNV
List zoonotic dz which are notifiable
- antrhax
- avian influenza
- BSE
- B. abortus/ melitensis/ suis
- Equine viral encephalomyelitis
- glanders and farcy
- NDV
- rabies
- bTB
- WNV
Which dz have recently been eradicated from the UK?
Aujeszky’s Disease 1989 • Brucella abortus 2004 • Brucella melitensis 1956 • Classical Swine Fever 2000 • Contagious Equine Metritis 2012 • Enzootic Bovine Leukosis 1996 • Equine Viral Encephalomyelitis 2004 • Equine Infectious Anaemia 2010 • Foot and Mouth Disease 2007 • Newcastle Disease 2006 • Swine Vesicular Disease 1982
How is a notifiable dz confirmed?
- by a UK CVO
- approach depends on specific dz
- many dz (AI, Swine fever -classical or african) are dealth with by slaughter
- other (BTV) controlled by vaccination and movement controls
Outline control zones
based on the geographical location of the
infected premise(s)
• The inner circle, 3km radius, is called the protection zone
• A further circle, 10 km radius, is called the surveillance
zone
• Other zones may be applied
• Rules are complex, risk-based and gradually relaxed as
the disease eradication process is applied
- control zones are legally defined areas where specific rules are in force
List even-toed ungulates (i.e. what FMDV affects)
- cattle
- sheep
- goats
- pigs
- camelids
- some exotics
How many FMDV cases were there in 2001 and 2007?
- 2001: 2026 confirmed cases
- 2007: 8 confirmed cases
Outline UK HPAI outbreaks
- 1st case confirmed in 2006 in Scotland
- occasional cases since
- potentially zoonotic, additional biosecurity required
- commonly wild bird infection
When to suspect avian influenza?
- increased mortality
- reduced egg production/ growth
- sick birds: cyanosis of comb, respiratory distress, anorexia, diarrhoea
- these signs are non-specific thus a vet needs to decide whether the suspicion of dz is strong enough to notify APHA
What animal should you watch carefully for rabies?
illegally imported pupies
Incubation period - rabies in dog/fox
3-8 weeks. once in brain, CS develop within 1-7 days and death normally occurs by 8th day after signs emerge.
How common is bat rabies in the UK?
- since 1977, 5 human deaths in Europe
- infected EBLV2 bats are found in GB (10 since 1996)
- avoid handling bats unless vaccinated
CS - BTV in ruminants
- nasal discharge
- oral lesions
- pyrexia
- coronary band lesions
- FMDV can look similar
Outline African horse sickness
- highly fatal (70-95%)
- highly infectious
- horses/ donkeys/ mules
- endemic in sub-saharan africa
- spread by culicoides
- never occurred in GB
Describe the pulmonary and cardiac form of african horse sickness
- PULMONARY: fever, incubation 3-5 days, laboured breathing, foamy discharge, 90% mortality
- CARDIAC: swellings over face, eyes, death from heart failure. incubation 7-14 days, 60% mortality
Outline WNV
- infects birds, horses, humans
- spread by Culex mosquitos (known to occur in UK)
- -> encephalitis and meningitis
- migratory birds most likely mechanism into UK
- Africa, Middle East, Asia and USA recently
- has NEVER occurred in UK
CS- WNV
- mostly subclinical (humans, equidae)
- horses 35% mortality in those showing CS
Outline vaccine to WNV
- no licensed vaccine for humans
- licensed vaccine for horses
What is Horizon scanning?
APHA staff constantly scan the horizon for disease
problems:
o Notifiable disease outbreaks in other countries
o New and emerging diseases (for example, Porcine Epidemic
Diarrhoea)
o Disease patterns in GB for existing notifiable diseases
o Risks are assessed and action taken accordingly.
What is the OV’s role in notifiable dz?
• Be aware of how notifiable diseases are transmitted
• Consider the type of premises affected; markets and
shows are particularly difficult
• Make sure you know how to contact APHA, including out
of hours arrangements.
List notifiable diseases in cattle
- anthrax
- BSE
- BTV
- Brucella abortus
- Contagious Bovine Pleuro-pneumonia
- Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL)
- FMDV
- lumpy skin disease
- rabies
- rift valley fever
- rinderpest
- bTB
- vesicular stomatitis
List notifiable dz in sheep and goats
- BTV
- B. melitensis
- contagious agalactia
- contagious epididymitis
- FMDV
- goat pox
- peste des petits ruminants
- rabies
- rift valley fever
- scrapie
- sheep pox
- sheep scab
