Subluxation Flashcards
Differentiate between chiropractic and spinal manipulation.
Chiropractic can only be done by Doctors of Chiropractic. Spinal manipulation can be applied to animals and is done by those other than DCs
Define restriction as it applies to spinal manipulation
Loss of range of motion with the joint surfaces still in contact
!!Know the definitions of: motion segment !!
Functional unit made of 2 adjacent articulating surfaces ant he connecting tissue surrounding them
Know the definitions of: manipulable lesion
An altered alignment, movement integrity, and/or physiologic function of a motion unit although contact between the joint surfaces remains intact
Know the definitions of: manipulation
manual procedure that involves a directed thrust to move a joint past the physiologic range of motion without exceeding the anatomic limit
Know the definitions of: directed thrust
Thrust in the plane of the joint surfaces
Know the definitions of: HVLA
High velocity low amplitude; type of thrust used in manipulation. Speed is the vital component of the HVLA thrust
Know the definitions of: paraphysiologic space
Small ROM beyond the active and passive range of motion. It is just before anatomic barriers are breached
Know the definitions of: listing
3 parts:
- Which bone
- Reference point
- Direction
What are the effects of a restriction? What are the local effects (3)?
- Cartilage degeneration
- Adhesions
- Circulation
What are the effects of a restriction? What are the effects on the nervous system?
- Decrease in cortical stimulation
- Decrease in sympathetic/nociceptive inhibition
- Pain
- Peripheral nerve function
What are the effects of a restriction? What are the compensatory effects (on three structures)?
- Adjacent motion units
- Muscles
- Tendons
How does a restriction lead to cartilage degeneration?
When movement in inhibited the cartilage is not nourished properly
How does a restriction lead to intra-articular adhesions?
Immobilization leads to adhesions withing the joint. Synovial fluid begins a fibrofatty consolidation.
How does a restriction lead to decreased circulation (3 ways)?
- Decreased circulation due to diminished motion
- Muscle splinting or spasm
- Autonomic nervous system stimulation creating vasoconstriction
How does a restriction affect the cortex?
Cortex needs sensory output to be healthy. Restrictions of the joint decrease movement of that part and oftentimes of the whole animal. This diminished input leads to a diminished cortex which leads to less output to the muscles which leads to less movement
How does a restriction affect the sympathetics?
Cortical output and movement inhibits the sympathetics
How does a restriction affect Nociception?
If nociceptive fibers are not inhibited they tend to branch out and can attached to mechanoreceptors. Now movement that stimulates the mechanoreceptors also stimulate the nociceptors.
How can pain from a restriction affect nerves (2 ways)?
- Local inflammation
2. Lack of circulation
What effect does a restriction have on the adjacent motion segments?
When one motion segment is restricted in its ROM the adjacent segments must compensate. They do this by increasing their ROM
How does the restriction affect the muscles?
Muscles around the restriction become hypertonic due to pain, segmental spasm, or somatosomatic reflex
What injury can occur from a hypertonic muscle? A hypotonic muscle?
Hypertonic muscles are prone to injury because of their lack of elasticity. They stay contracted when they need to stretch, ending in tearing of the fibers.
How can tendon injury occur secondary to a restriction?
Hypotonic muscles fail to stabilize the joints, allowing excess range of motion which leads to damage to both soft tissue and bone
What can cause tendon injury within the normal ROM?
Hypertonic muscles are less elastic and this puts more strain on the tendons and ligaments (Injury within normal ROM)
What can cause tendon injury beyond the normal ROM?
Hypotonic muscles fail to protect joints form excessive ROM causing overloading of the tendons and ligaments leading ot injury.
Know at least 10 reasons it is important to clear restrictions. (There are 15 reasons)
- Horse can move freely, bend laterally in both directions
- Prevent cartilage degeneration from lack of nourishment
- Prevent adhesions from forming in the joint
- Restore normal circulation to the joint and surrounding tissues
- Restore normal muscle tone
- Restore normal movement to “feed” to cortex
- Inhibit the sympathetics
- Inhibit nociception
- Prevent nociceptive fibers fron branching to mechanoreceptors
- Prevent pain from both direct/indirect effects
- Maintain normal peripheral nerve function
- Prevent compensatory hypermobility in adjacent motion segments
- Prevent muscle hypotonicity leading to joint laxity, DJD and tendon strain
- Prevent muscle hypertonicity leading to muscle and tendon strain
- Prevent tendon injury due to aberrant tonicity in the muscle
