Homework Questions Review Flashcards
What is the paraphysiologic space?
The space between passive ROM and destruction of anatomic barriers
Components of the set-up include: (choose all that apply)
Dr. position , Patient position , Dr. contact point , Patient contact point
Why is your body position important?
to protect you from injury and provide the correct line of drive
What muscles should the Dr. use to make a HVLA thrust (most commonly)?
Triceps and pectorals
If a manipulation does not restore normal ROM you should
make no more than 2 or 3 attempts at manipulation in one day
What is a contraindication for manipulation?
joint laxity
The secondary cervical curve is in the ______________cervical region.
Lower
When the neck goes into extension
the diameter of both the IVF and the canal decrease
Cranial nerve VI is the ______________________ nerve.
abducens
The ventral plate of the spinal cord carries mostly _____________________ information.
Motor
Three parts of the MSC are
intrafusal fibers, Ia sensory neuron and gamma motor neuron
What do GTOs monitor?
Contraction
When the GTO is stimulated what effect does it create on the muscle?
Relaxation
Ia fibers synapse directly to alpha motor neurons. This
increases the speed of transmission
What do the MSCs monitor?
Stretch
Why is it important for us to use a high velocity for the manipulation?
To stimulate the golgi tendon organs
Where are GTOs (golgi tendon organs) located?
At the musculotendinous junction
One way to increase stability is to move the center of gravity
lower
One way to increase the force of a movement is to ___________ the range of motion.
increase
The stretch shortening cycle is
eccentric loading of the muscle just prior to concentric action to increase the force produced
Why is it important to spend 10-20 minutes in walk prior to training?
Tendons are viscoelastic so cyclic loading makes them less stiff to withstand load.
Why do some movements begin with a counter-movement?
To generate more force
Which muscle action generates the most force?
eccentric
What enables the muscle spindle cell to be effective at all muscle lengths?
the gamma motor neuron or gamma gain
What is the effect of a slow, prolonged stretch on a muscle via the Ia afferents?
It rests the muscle to a new longer length
You are presented with a patient that is reluctant to bend its neck to the left and has very tense muscles in the lower cervical region. It is also mildly ataxic. The owner says that it fell while running outside. What should you do?
Pursue further diagnostics which may include radiographs of the neck
Why is it important for an animal to stand with its feet evenly under its body i.e. square?
it is the most energy efficient and balanced
What is the main goal of proprioceptive systems?
to keep the animal upright
Why does closing your eyes make it difficult to balance?
closing your eyes take away the horizon line
When an animal jumps, just before take off it flexes the joints of the hind limbs in other words it uses a counter-movement. Why do they use a counter-movement?
to increase the force generated by the hind limbs
Why is prolonged stretching contraindicated before exercise?
it resets the muscle spindle cells to a longer length and creates joint laxity
The _____________ and ______________ muscles close the mouth and the ____________muscle helps grind the food (lateral excursion)
masseter, temporalis, pytergoids
What muscle is responsible for rotation of C1on C2?
obliquus capitis caudalis
Muscles that lift the lower cervical curve include
splenius, scalenes and serratus ventralis
What muscle attaches at the transverse processes of C3-T3 to the mastoid process of the skull and the atlas?
longissimus capitis
What muscle consists of 5 muscle bundles per segment and lies on ventral aspect of the cervical spine?
longus colli
What muscles act as stabilizers for the scapulohumeral joint?
supraspinatus and infraspinatus
What are the attachments and action for the biceps brachii muscle?
Supraglenoid tubercle to the radial tuberosity and its action is to extend the shoulder joint and flex the elbow joint
Poor hoof balance can effect spinal manipulation by
making the restrictions recur quickly i.e. the adjustments will not last
The origins and insertions of the scalene are
C4-C7 to first rib
Is it possible for a cervical adjustment to improve a distal limb lameness?
Yes
Restrictions of the hyoid also affect the _____________ joint.
Tempormandibular
As the front limb extends during weight-bearing the carpal bones go in
Dorsal Translation
A horse that braces his brachiocephalicus pushes the larynx in to the tongue. What other structure will be affected?
Hyoid
Cranial nerve XI innervates
Brachiocephalic muslce
T/FIncreasing nociception and perpetuating inflammatory factor are two ways the sympathetics can promote the subluxation complex
T
What motions are possible in the distal interphalangeal joint (coffin joint)?
flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation and translation only
Which cervical motion segment (unit) has facets angled almost horizontally so that your line of correction needs to be lateral to medial?
C6/7
Low gamma gain can lead to tendon injury
outside of the normal range of motion
The left TMJ is painful to palpation, the restriction is most likely on the _____________.
right
Which muscle fills the dorsal arch of the atlas?
Obliquus capitis caudalis
What is the main action of the triceps muscle?
Extend the elbow
The stretch shortening cycle is
eccentric loading of the muscle just prior to concentric action to increase the force produced
Shunt stability is
Ability to contract the core muscles before a movement begins
How does head position affect the sympathetics?
lowering the head stimulates the parasympathetics and calms the sympathetics
Which mechanoreceptors inhibit or cause relaxation to the muscle that they are in?
GTOs
To adjust a lateral scapula you must be on a bale on the side opposite the restriction.
FALSE
Why does a horse lower its center of gravity when working, especially when the base of support is small?
To increase stability
During a jump, when is the trajectory of flight determined?
At take off
When a patient shows signs of TND you should
stop treatment for the day
What are the attachments and actions for the subclavius?
From the sternum and costal cartilages 1 through 4 to the supraspinatus and to shoulder fascia its action is to stabilize the shoulder and suspend the trunk
What is maladaptive pain?
pain that persists after the injury is healed
When a horse consistently lands after a jump with the right front foot forward it may indicate
The right front is sore
Why does a newborn foal have a different gait pattern than an adult?
The nervous system tracts involved in limb co-ordination don’t fully develop until a few weeks after birth
One way to increase stability is to move the center of gravity
lower
When adjusting the front limb
the limb should be non-weight bearing
Horses that race at a gallop use their back differently than horses that race at a trot or pace. Which pairing is correct?
gallop uses flexion/extension of the LS junction
In a normal horse at the walk, the head should move in a _______________________ pattern.
Figure 8
What is a complex joint?
a joint with 2 or more articular surfaces and a disc
T/F The neck should be in extension during motion palpation.
F
Injury or inflammation of which ligament can affect the contents of the IVF?
Ligamentum flavum
How does pain affect the sympathetics?
stimulates
When a horse begins to gallop the center of rotation of the hind limb moves from _____ to the _________.
Coxofemoral joint, Lumbosacral joint
If a manipulation does not restore normal ROM you should
make no more than 2 or 3 attempts at manipulation in one day
What are the attachments for the serratus ventralis cervicus?
Medial scapula to transverse process of C4-7
A restriction can cause patchy sweating due to
reflex connection to the sympathetic nervous system
Why does rubbing or shaking an injured part help decrease pain?
motion stimulates the Ia fibers which inhibit nociception
What enables the muscle spindle cell to be effective at all muscle lengths?
the gamma motor neuron or gamma gain
Where does pain occur?
in the brain
What is the line of correction (LOC) for a TMJ dorsal compartment?
Lateral to medial
The origins and insertions of the omohyoidius are
Subscapular fascia to lingual process of basihyoid bone
A horse’s jumping style
Is conserved from a young age
The origins and insertions of the omotransversarius are:
C2-4 to shoulder fascia
Extension of the thoracolumbar spine may be due to
contraction of the epaxial muscles, protraction of the forelimbs and elevating the head
What is a contraindication for manipulation?
joint laxity
When a horse consistently lands after a jump with the right front foot forward it may indicate
the right front is sore
What is the paraphysiologic space?
the space between passive ROM and destruction of anatomic barriers
What effect does vibration therapy have on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), jump performance and flexibility?
it improves all three
Why does a newborn foal have a different gait pattern than an adult?
the nervous system tracts involved in limb co-ordination don’t fully develop until a few weeks after birth
The origins and insertions of the omohyoidius are
subscapular fascia to lingual process of basihyoid bone
After a limb injury it is important to train
abdominal muscles
When adjusting the front limb
the limb should be non-weight bearing
The scalenes can contribute to flexing or lifting the lower cervical curve because they attach to
C4-C7 to first rib
The intercapital ligament
attaches at the neck of the rib, passes thru the vertebral canal to the opposite rib
What is the most common cause for inflammation that lasts longer than expected?
a premature return to training
How many articular surfaces are found on most thoracic vertebrae?
12
As speed of the movement increases, the accuracy ________.
decreases
What is the most cranial dorsal spinous process that you can palpate in the thoracic spine?
T3
What muscle attaches at the caudal sacral and first coccygeal vertebrae to the tuber ischium and then on to the cranial tibia and calcaneus?
semitendinosus
Ribs articulate with the vertebrae
caudal to the rib via a costovertebral and a costotransverse articulation
When the GTO is stimulated what effect does it create on the muscle?
relaxation
Typically, how long should we hold the muscles in a stretched position to decrease spasm?
30-60 seconds
What is the patient contact point when manipulating C3 thru C6?
lamina-pedicle junction
What initiates swing in the hind limb?
hip extension and stretch of the flexor muscles
Negative dissociation or negative displacement means that
the front feet land earlier in the stride cycle than expected
The omotransversarius is closely associated with the brachiocephalicus and its attachments are
C2-4 to shoulder fascia
T/F Increasing nociception and perpetuating inflammatory factors are two ways the sympathetics can promote the subluxation complex
TRUE
Which part of the quadriceps femoris can flex the hip joint as well as extend the stifle?
rectus femoris
Name two hip flexors that attach at the lesser trochanter of the femur.
psoas and iliacus
To make the horse’s gait more energy efficient
the bulk of the muscle mass is in the upper limb, the distal limb is light and the limb folds during swing
Giving a horse with back pain six months of rest with turnout is likely to
have little effect of the back pain and result in atrophy of the longissimus muscle
Why do we pull away, yell and get hot when we hit our thumb with a hammer?
pain stimulates the withdrawal reflex, the limbic area of the brain and causes an autonomic response.
Which set of limbs is better suited for utilization of the stretch shortening cycle?
pelvic limbs
To run faster
the horse needs to generate higher ground reaction force
Is laser therapy useful after tendon injury to aid in healing?
Yes
How does the motion of the back at walk differ from the back motion at trot?
there is less movement overall at the trot
Ia fibers synapse directly to alpha motor neurons. This
increases the speed of transmission
The serratus ventralis cervicus is another muscle that lifts or flexes the lower cervical curve. Its attachments are:
medial scapula to transverse process of C4-7
It is important to strengthen the muscles around the thoracolumbar spine
to provide dynamic stabilization and help prevent injury
Effective feed-back is dependent on ____________________.
high gamma gain
The sympathetic trunk in the thorax runs near
the rib heads
A hypertonic psoas muscle
can stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and make the horse nervous or anxious
After thoracolumbar injury, changes in the multifidus can be seen after
one day
When a patient shows signs of TND you should
stop treatment for the day
What aids circulation of lymph?
movement
The psoas major muscle attaches
the last ribs and lumbar vertebrae to the lesser trochanter of the femur
What is the primary factor in proper oxygenation?
mechanical movement of the ribs and spine
How can a horse compensate when it does not have enough core strength to lift its forehand?
raise its head and neck to help lift the forehand
What effect does knee effusion have on the quadriceps in humans?
decrease neuromuscular control
The neck should be in extension during motion palpation.
FALSE
Psoas hypertonicity can lead to
pain on palpation of the lumbosacral joint, ventral pressure over the SI joint and a shortened caudal phase of stride
The biceps femoris, semitendinosus and the semimembranosus all have two origins, what are they?
the lumbar and/or coccygeal vertebrae and the tuber ischium
T/F Proprioceptive training can help reduce the risk of injury.
TRUE
The key role of the psoas muscle is
to stabilize the SI joint
Why do the dorsal spinous processes of the cranial thoracics (withers) slant caudally?
to resist the pull of the nuchal ligament
What do GTOs monitor?
contraction
Ia fiber stimulation results in (3)
stimulation of the same muscle, stimulation of synergistic muscles and inhibition of antagonistic muscle
Inflammation helps the healing process by
bringing in cells to aid in the clean up and repair process
What is the line of correction (LOC) for a TMJ dorsal compartment?
lateral to medial
What are the attachments and action for the deltoideus?
the scapular spine and caudal border of the scapula to the humerus and its action is to flex the shoulder joint and abduct the limb
A central pattern generator is
neural network that is capable of generating rhythmic motor activity in the absence of sensory feedback.
Restrictions at ______________ or _________________ are most likely to affect cranial nerves.
TMJ or Hyoid
Feed-forward depends on
Prior experience
When an animal jumps, just before take off, it flexes the joints of the hind limbs in other words it uses a counter-movement. Why do they use a counter-movement?
to increase the force generated by the hind limbs
How does cold therapy affect the muscle spindle function, nerve conduction and muscle force production?
decreases all three
Why is it important for us to use a high velocity for the manipulation?
to stimulate the golgi tendon organs
What effect does therapeutic ultrasound have on tissue?
therapeutic ultrasound warms the tissue
Choice effect is:
with many choices available the response is slower until the nervous system develops parallel processing pathways
When a horse is worked in collection over time is bottom line becomes
deeper in the flank
The double curve of the ribs is important because
it allows movement of the ribs to expand the thoracic cavity
What are three muscles of inspiration?
external intercostal, serratus dorsalis cranialis and rectus thoracis
T/F To adjust a lateral scapula, you must be on a bale on the side opposite the restriction.
FALSE
Why is it important for an animal to stand with its feet evenly under its body i.e. square?
it is the most energy efficient and balanced
A horse that is sore on the left side of his back will make the rider saddle shift
to the right
A bilateral restriction of C5 may indicate a problem with the _________.
diaphragm
Feed-forward mechanisms are
fast because they anticipate movement
Muscles that attach to the tuber coxae include:
tensor fascia lata, external abdominal oblique and superficial gluteal
The muscle fibers of the serratus ventralis thoracis run from craniodorsal to caudoventral. At its ventral aspect it meets with another muscle that has the same orientation (its fibers run craniodorsal to caudoventral) and is a muscle of expiration. That muscle is the_______?
external abdominal oblique
What muscles can flex the hip?
Tensor fascia lata, psoas (major) and superficial gluteal
