Structure and Function of the Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the 2 regions of the Respiratory tract?
Upper and Lower region
What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?
nose, nasal cavity and pharynx
What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?
Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and Lungs
What are the 2 components of the nose?
External nose and internal nasal cavity
What is the external nose constructed of?
Septal and Greater Alar cartilage, nasal bone, extensions of frontal and maxillary bone
What bone forms the bridge of the nose?
Nasal
What does the Internal nasal cavity consist of?
The nares (nostrils), vestibule, Internal nares (choane) and posterior nasal cavity
What is the anterior portion of nasal septum made up from?
Cartilage
What is the posterior region of nasal septum made up from?
Vomer and Ethmoid bone
What is the floor of the nasal cavity made up of?
Hard palate
On the lateral wall of nasal cavity what can be found?
3 bony ridges called conchea
What is found between the 3 conchea?
Passage ways called meatus which are uppper middle and lower
Where can the paranasal sinuses opening be found?
Between the superior and median meatus
Where can be found between the inferior/lower meatus?
Nasolacrinal duct
What is the vestibule of nasal cavity lined by?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What is the posterior nasal cavity lined by?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells
Where can Olfactory epithelium be found?
Superior nasal cavity
What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
What can be found within the nasopharynx?
Auditory/Eustachian tubes
What can be found in the posterior region of the nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal tonsils
What does the nasopharynx open into?
Oropharynx
What can the Oropharynx be considered as a junction point between?
GI tract and Respiratory tract
Where does the Oropharynx extend from and to?
from Uvula to epiglottis
What materials can pass through the oropharynx?
Air and ingested food
What is the Oropharynx lined by?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What tonsils are located in the oropharynx?
Palatine and Lingual
Where does the Laryngopharynx extend to and from?
Epiglottis to openings of oesophagus and larynx
What is the outercasing of the larynx made up of?
9 cartilages
How many cartilages in the larynx are paired?
6 are paired, 3 unpaired
What is the largest cartilage in the Larynx? and where is it positioned?
Thyroid cartilage and superior
What does the superior cartilage form?
Adams apple
What is attached to the superior thyroid cartilage?
on the 2nd unpaired cartilage the epiglottis
What is the epiglottis made up from? what does it form?
Elastic cartilage and a free flap
What CT forms the base of the larynx?
Unpaired cricoid cartilage
What are the 6 pairs of cartilage in the larynx?
Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform cartilages
What extends from the anterior of the arytenoid cartilage?
2 pairs of ligaments
Where do the arytenoid cartilages 2 pairs of ligaments extend into?
Posterior surface of thyroid cartilage
What does the 2 ligaments of arytenoid form?
Vestibular folds/False vocal cords
What forms the true vocal cords?
Inferior ligaments
What is the opening of the inferior ligaments consist of?
Glottis
How can sounds be modified?
Lengthening or shortening of vocal cords
What muscles help with sound modification?
Skeletal muscle
What cartilages move as a result of sound modification?
Arytenoid cartilages
What is the trachea made up from?
Long membranous tube with 15-20 C shaped cartilages
What wall can alter the diameter of the trachea?
Posterior wall
What muscle and component is involved in the posterior wall of trachea diameter modification?
Smooth muscle and ligamentous membrane
what does the trachea divide into and to form what?
2 to form the bronchi
What does the bronchi divide into?
Left and right primary bronchi,
What does bronchi divide into as they enter the lungs?
secondary bronchi
What does the bronchi divide into to give rise to bronchioles?
Tertiary bronchi
Where does the lungs extend from and to?
The diaphragm to a 2.5cm superior to clavicle
How many lobes does the Right and Left lobes have?
3 on Right
2 on left
What are the lobes divide into?
Lobules
What are the lung lobules seperated by?
Connective tissue
How many lobules in the Right and Left lung?
10 in right
9 in left
What enters the lungs at the hilums?
Blood vessels and nerves
What is each lung contained within?
Seperate pleural cavity
What are the pleural cavities formed from?
2 serous membranes the parietal and visceral
What does the parietal pleura cover?
Inner thoracic wall of diaphragm and mediastinum
What does the visceral pleura cover?
The surface of the lungs
What exists between 2 membranes?
Pleural fluid
What are the functions of the pleural fluid?
Lubricate movement during breathing for pleural membranes, holds pleural membranes together so they can slide over each other
What are the 2 blood supply routes for the respiratory system?
Pulmonary artery, bronchial arteries
Where are the bronchial arteries derived from?
Thoracic aorta
What does the bronchial arteries supply blood to?
Tissue of bronchia to the respiratory bronchioles with oxygenated blood
What does the muscles of respiration involve?
The diaphragm and muscles that elevate or depress the ribs
What muscles are involved during Inhilation?
Scalenes Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior External intercostals Diaphragm
What muscles are involved with during exhalation?
Transversus throacic
Internal Intercostals
Diaphragm
Rectus abdominus and other abdominal muscles
