Structure and Function of the Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the 2 regions of the Respiratory tract?

Answer 1

Upper and Lower region

Question 2

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

Answer 2

nose, nasal cavity and pharynx

Question 3

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

Answer 3

Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and Lungs

Question 4

What are the 2 components of the nose?

Answer 4

External nose and internal nasal cavity

Question 5

What is the external nose constructed of?

Answer 5

Septal and Greater Alar cartilage, nasal bone, extensions of frontal and maxillary bone

Question 6

What bone forms the bridge of the nose?

Answer 6

Nasal

Question 7

What does the Internal nasal cavity consist of?

Answer 7

The nares (nostrils), vestibule, Internal nares (choane) and posterior nasal cavity

Question 8

What is the anterior portion of nasal septum made up from?

Answer 8

Cartilage

Question 9

What is the posterior region of nasal septum made up from?

Answer 9

Vomer and Ethmoid bone

Question 10

What is the floor of the nasal cavity made up of?

Answer 10

Hard palate

Question 11

On the lateral wall of nasal cavity what can be found?

Answer 11

3 bony ridges called conchea

Question 12

What is found between the 3 conchea?

Answer 12

Passage ways called meatus which are uppper middle and lower

Question 13

Where can the paranasal sinuses opening be found?

Answer 13

Between the superior and median meatus

Question 14

Where can be found between the inferior/lower meatus?

Answer 14

Nasolacrinal duct

Question 15

What is the vestibule of nasal cavity lined by?

Answer 15

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 16

What is the posterior nasal cavity lined by?

Answer 16

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells

Question 17

Where can Olfactory epithelium be found?

Answer 17

Superior nasal cavity

Question 18

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

Answer 18

Nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx

Question 19

What can be found within the nasopharynx?

Answer 19

Auditory/Eustachian tubes

Question 20

What can be found in the posterior region of the nasopharynx?

Answer 20

Pharyngeal tonsils

Question 21

What does the nasopharynx open into?

Answer 21

Oropharynx

Question 22

What can the Oropharynx be considered as a junction point between?

Answer 22

GI tract and Respiratory tract

Question 23

Where does the Oropharynx extend from and to?

Answer 23

from Uvula to epiglottis

Question 24

What materials can pass through the oropharynx?

Answer 24

Air and ingested food

Question 25

What is the Oropharynx lined by?

Answer 25

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 26

What tonsils are located in the oropharynx?

Answer 26

Palatine and Lingual

Question 27

Where does the Laryngopharynx extend to and from?

Answer 27

Epiglottis to openings of oesophagus and larynx

Question 28

What is the outercasing of the larynx made up of?

Answer 28

9 cartilages

Question 29

How many cartilages in the larynx are paired?

Answer 29

6 are paired, 3 unpaired

Question 30

What is the largest cartilage in the Larynx? and where is it positioned?

Answer 30

Thyroid cartilage and superior

Question 31

What does the superior cartilage form?

Answer 31

Adams apple

Question 32

What is attached to the superior thyroid cartilage?

Answer 32

on the 2nd unpaired cartilage the epiglottis

Question 33

What is the epiglottis made up from? what does it form?

Answer 33

Elastic cartilage and a free flap

Question 34

What CT forms the base of the larynx?

Answer 34

Unpaired cricoid cartilage

Question 35

What are the 6 pairs of cartilage in the larynx?

Answer 35

Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform cartilages

Question 36

What extends from the anterior of the arytenoid cartilage?

Answer 36

2 pairs of ligaments

Question 37

Where do the arytenoid cartilages 2 pairs of ligaments extend into?

Answer 37

Posterior surface of thyroid cartilage

Question 38

What does the 2 ligaments of arytenoid form?

Answer 38

Vestibular folds/False vocal cords

Question 39

What forms the true vocal cords?

Answer 39

Inferior ligaments

Question 40

What is the opening of the inferior ligaments consist of?

Answer 40

Glottis

Question 41

How can sounds be modified?

Answer 41

Lengthening or shortening of vocal cords

Question 42

What muscles help with sound modification?

Answer 42

Skeletal muscle

Question 43

What cartilages move as a result of sound modification?

Answer 43

Arytenoid cartilages

Question 44

What is the trachea made up from?

Answer 44

Long membranous tube with 15-20 C shaped cartilages

Question 45

What wall can alter the diameter of the trachea?

Answer 45

Posterior wall

Question 46

What muscle and component is involved in the posterior wall of trachea diameter modification?

Answer 46

Smooth muscle and ligamentous membrane

Question 47

what does the trachea divide into and to form what?

Answer 47

2 to form the bronchi

Question 48

What does the bronchi divide into?

Answer 48

Left and right primary bronchi,

Question 49

What does bronchi divide into as they enter the lungs?

Answer 49

secondary bronchi

Question 50

What does the bronchi divide into to give rise to bronchioles?

Answer 50

Tertiary bronchi

Question 51

Where does the lungs extend from and to?

Answer 51

The diaphragm to a 2.5cm superior to clavicle

Question 52

How many lobes does the Right and Left lobes have?

Answer 52

3 on Right | 2 on left

Question 53

What are the lobes divide into?

Answer 53

Lobules

Question 54

What are the lung lobules seperated by?

Answer 54

Connective tissue

Question 55

How many lobules in the Right and Left lung?

Answer 55

10 in right | 9 in left

Question 56

What enters the lungs at the hilums?

Answer 56

Blood vessels and nerves

Question 57

What is each lung contained within?

Answer 57

Seperate pleural cavity

Question 58

What are the pleural cavities formed from?

Answer 58

2 serous membranes the parietal and visceral

Question 59

What does the parietal pleura cover?

Answer 59

Inner thoracic wall of diaphragm and mediastinum

Question 60

What does the visceral pleura cover?

Answer 60

The surface of the lungs

Question 61

What exists between 2 membranes?

Answer 61

Pleural fluid

Question 62

What are the functions of the pleural fluid?

Answer 62

Lubricate movement during breathing for pleural membranes, holds pleural membranes together so they can slide over each other

Question 63

What are the 2 blood supply routes for the respiratory system?

Answer 63

Pulmonary artery, bronchial arteries

Question 64

Where are the bronchial arteries derived from?

Answer 64

Thoracic aorta

Question 65

What does the bronchial arteries supply blood to?

Answer 65

Tissue of bronchia to the respiratory bronchioles with oxygenated blood

Question 66

What does the muscles of respiration involve?

Answer 66

The diaphragm and muscles that elevate or depress the ribs

Question 67

What muscles are involved during Inhilation?

Answer 67

``` Scalenes Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior External intercostals Diaphragm ```

Question 68

What muscles are involved with during exhalation?

Answer 68

Transversus throacic Internal Intercostals Diaphragm Rectus abdominus and other abdominal muscles