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CRR > Regulation of Salt Balance > Flashcards

Regulation of Salt Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What is water excretion regulated by?

A

ECF osmolality

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2
Q

What is osmolality determined by?

A

Water and salt content

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3
Q

In ECF what is the major cation?

A

Na

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4
Q

What is excess Na a major factor in?

A

Hypertension

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5
Q

What can decreased Na levels result in?

A

Hypovolaemia and hypotension

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6
Q

What does decreased osmolality result in?

A

Water excretion

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7
Q

What does increased osmolality result in?

A

water retention and thirst

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8
Q

What is ECV?

A

Effective circulating volume - the component of blood which is perfusing the tissue

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9
Q

What is themodification of Na reabsorption changes in?

A

ECF , ECV

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10
Q

What is Renin?

A

An enzyme, synthesised and stored in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

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11
Q

What is the stimuli for renin release?

A

Increased sympathetic nerve activity via baroreceptor reflex

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12
Q

Why else is Renin released?

A

decresed wall tension in afferent arteriole, decreased Na delivery to the macula densa

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13
Q

What does the macula do in renin release?

A

releases prostaglanding I2 to stimulate granular cells to release renin into blood

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14
Q

How does macula densa release blood?

A

Through sympathetic nerves - via beta adrenergic receptors

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15
Q

What does Renin act on?

A

plasma protein - angiotensiongen to produce a decapeptide angiotensin 1

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16
Q

How is angiotensin 1 converted to angiotensin 2?

A

Plasma endothelial enzyme known as angiotensin converting enzyme ACE

17
Q

What is angiotensin 2?

A

Primary hormone in Na regulation, octapeptide

18
Q

What is angiotensin 2 broken into?

A

Angiotensin 3 and inactive products by plasma peptidases

19
Q

What does Angiotensin 2 cause ?

A

Vasoconstriction - intrarenal, systematic
Increased proximal tubular sodium reabsorption
Aldosterone release from zona glomerulosa for distal tubular sodium reabosorption
Thirst
ADH for water retention

20
Q

What does removal of adrenal glands cause?

A

Metabolic defects and death in 2 weeks

21
Q

Why does removal of adrenal glands cause?

A

Loss of NaCL from body via urine
Extracellular Na content falls
ECF volume markedly reduced
Circulatory collapse

22
Q

How can death be avoided if adrenal glands removed?

A

high sodium diet

administration of aldosterone

23
Q

What is aldosterone synthesised and secreted by?

A

zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland , steroid hormones synthesised from cholesterol, mineralocorticoid

24
Q

What causes aldosterone release?

A

Decrease in plasma Na concentration
Increase in plasma K concentration - sensitive
Decrease in ECV - angiotensin 2

25
Q

What are the effects of aldosterone?

A

stimulates Na reaborption and K and H secretion in collecting duct and promotes Na reabsorption in gut and sweat glands

26
Q

What is Atrial Natriuretic peptide?

A

28 aa hormone from 126 aa prohormones

27
Q

Where is ANP released from?

A

Atrial cells in response to atrial stretch - hypervolemia

28
Q

What does ANP act at?

A

ANP receptors in collecting duct - promotes Na loss in urine

29
Q

What is ANP mechanism of action?

A

inhibits collecting duct NA-K-ATPase
inhibits aldosterone secretion
Reduces renin release
promotes vasodilation of afferent arterioles

30
Q

What is natriuretic mean?

A

decrease in Na reabsorption

31
Q

What is urodilatin?

A

Origin in kidney, identical to ANP with 4 extra aa’s, natriuretic

32
Q

What is dopamine?

A

Synthesised in proximal tubule, inhibits Na-K-ATPase, inhibits Na-H antiport - natriuretic

33
Q

What is Kinins?

A

Vasodilator peptides - produced from kininogens by enzyme kallikrein, counteracts ADH, natriuretic

34
Q

What is adrenomedullin?

A

52 aa peptide synthesised in kidney, increases GFR, decreases sodium tubular reabsorption and natriuretic

CRR (27 decks)

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