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CRR > Cardiovascular regulation > Flashcards

Cardiovascular regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiodynamics?

A

movements and forces generated during cardiac contraction

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2
Q

What is EDV?

A

End diastolic volume - amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of ventricular distole

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3
Q

What is ESV?

A

End systolic volume - amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at end of ventricular systole

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4
Q

What is SV?

A

Stroke volume - amount of blood pump out of each ventricle during a single heart beat

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5
Q

What is Ejaction fraction?

A

Percentage of EDV represented by SV

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6
Q

What is preload of HR?

A

degree of stretching in ventricle muscles during diastole, proportional to EDV greater preload larger EDV

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7
Q

What is afterload of HR?

A

Amount of tension that the contracting ventricle must produce to force open SV and eject blood

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8
Q

What factors affect stroke volume?

A

Autonomic innervation
hormones
EDV
ESV

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9
Q

How does preload influence EDV?

A

Increase energy of myocyte contraction
degree of stretch on myocyte
venous return and filling time infleunce

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10
Q

What factors effect ESV?

A

Preload (force produced for contraction)
Contractibility of ventricle
Afterload

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11
Q

What is contractility?

A

Amount of force produced during contraction at preload.
increase contractility = positive inotropic agents
Decrease contractility - negative inotropic agents

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12
Q

What positive inotropic agents are there?

A

Neurotransmitters

b-adrenergic agonists

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13
Q

What negative inotropic agents are there?

A 
ACh
Ca channel blockers (verapamil)
muscarinic agonist
anoxia
acidosis
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14
Q

What is afterload?

A

Tenstion the contracting ventricle produce to eject blood
pressures are 80mm and 20mm for SV
if afterload increases preload is constant Stroke volume decrease more blood remain
Afterload increase as narrow arteries and hypertension

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15
Q

What does the cardiac centre in medulla?

A

Cardioaccelaratory centre increase HR via sympathetic
Cardioinhibitory slows heart
both cardiac centres monitor changes in BP o2 and PH

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16
Q

What is the atrial reflex?

A

adjustments in HR in response to increase in venous return

17
Q

Homeostatis mechanisms in CV centre ensure efficient blood flow for ?

A

appropiate Tissue perfusion

18
Q

Tissue perfusion influenced by?

A

CO
BP
PR

19
Q

Tissue perfusion mechanisms are?

A

Autoregulation
Neural mechanisms
Endocrine response

20
Q

What does localised vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood flow where?

A

Precapillary spincter muscles

21
Q

What are local vasodilators?

A 
low O2
Lactic acid
NO
low PH
Histamine agents
Increase temp
22
Q

What are local vasoconstrictors?

A

Thromboxanes (released by platelet)

Endothelins (damaged endothelial cells)

23
Q

When are endocrine factors activated?

A

autoregulation of BF fails to normalise conditions

24
Q

What is the Vasomotive centre?

A

2 populations of cells in medulla associate lots with vasoconstriction and small with vasodilation

25
Q

What does control of vasoconstriction include?

A

neurons innervate peripheral blood vessles in tissues are adrenergic
Release NA stimulates a1 adrenoreceptors in PM of SMC

26
Q

What controls vasodilation?

A

neurons in skeletal muscle in brain relax smc in arterioles
Mainly cholinergic ACH triggers NO
Nitroxidergic release NO

27
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

In carotid sinus, aortic sinus and wall of right atrium

28
Q

Where are aortic and carotid baroreceptors?

A

Aortic in ascending aorta monitor stretch and BF

Carotid monitor BP in carotid arteries blood supply

29
Q

Increase in BP detected by baroreceptors regulate what?

A

Inhibition of cardio-accelaratory centre

Inhibition of vasomotor cells with vasoconstriction

30
Q

What is atrial reflex/bainbridge?

A

regulatory feedback to increase HR

31
Q

What are chemoreceptors sensitive to?

A

Changes in blood oxygen, CO2 and PH

32
Q

What long term hormonal mechanisms to control BP?

A

ADH
Angiotensin II
EPO
ANP/BNP

33
Q

What does ADH do?

A

posterior lobe of pituitary
increase peripheral constriction
due to low blood volume

34
Q

what converts angiotension I to angiotensin II?

A

By ACE

35
Q

What are 4 important functions of angiotensin II?

A

Stimulates secretion of adrenal aldosterone
Stimulates secretion of ADH
Stimulates thirst
Stimulates CO and vasoconstriction

36
Q

What does EPO do?

A

Causes vasoconstriction in Blood vessels, produces RBC improve O2

37
Q

What does natriuetic peptides do?

A

Released from atrial myocytes for excessive strethcing act on kidney increase urine production

CRR (27 decks)

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