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CRR > Development of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Development of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What does fertilisation of a haploid egg by a haploid sperm give rise to?

A

A single diploid cell

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2
Q

When do cells become pluripotent stem cells?

A

At 16 cell stage

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3
Q

When is 16 cell stage reached by?

A

End of day 3

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4
Q

What occurs at day 5?

A

Hollow ball of cells the blastocyts has outer trophoblast and inner cell mass

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5
Q

What does trophoblast give rise to?

A

Foetal placenta whereas inner cell mass into embryo

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6
Q

What happens at day 6?

A

Inner cell mass implanted to uterine endometrium and endrometrial gland enlarges - known as decidua more vascularised

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7
Q

What happens at day 8?

A

Cell mass differentiates into hypoblast (primitive endoderm) and Epiblast (primitive ectoderm)

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8
Q

What does hypoblast and epiblast together form?

A

Bilaminer embryonic disc within forms amnion

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9
Q

What happens to amninon?

A

Extends surrounds full embryo forming embryonic cavity - hypoblast cells migrate and flatten form exocoelomic membrane around inner surface of blastocyst

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10
Q

What happens at day 9?

A

Hypoblast forms walls of the egg sac and enbryonic position between amniotic cavity and yolk sac

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11
Q

What do cells in york sac develop into?

A

Gonad and yolk sac in week 4 creates GI tract

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12
Q

What happens in week 3?

A

Gastrulation

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13
Q

What happens in gastrulation?

A

Bilaminer disc into trilaminer structure 3 germ layers ectoderm (skin cns) mesoderm (CT and muscle)Endoderm (epithelia of gi and organs)

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14
Q

What day does gastrulation start?

A

15 with migration of cells from epiblast forming primitive streak - groove on dorsal surface extends from posterior tail to anterior node of bilaminar disc

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15
Q

What happens when primitive disc is formed?

A

Epiblast cells migrate inwards below primitive streak some displace hypoblast to form endoderm other to form mesoderm

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16
Q

What do epiblast cells form?

A

Ectoderm

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17
Q

What happens at day 16?

A

mesoderm cell from node migrate to head of embryo to form notochord

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18
Q

What forms in week 3?

A

Oropharyngeal membrane on dorsal surface of anterior

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19
Q

Where does cloacal membrane form?

A

Dorsal surface of posterior

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20
Q

What does oropharyngeal do in week 4?

A

Breakdown to connect oral cavity to pharynx and gi trict

21
Q

What does cloacal break to form?

A

Anal, urinary and reproductive tracts

22
Q

What happens to embryo in week 4?

A

Embryonic folding - due to unequal growth rates

23
Q

What does medial plane form?

A

Head and tail

24
Q

What does lateral folds give rise to?

A

Coalom and pinches off yolk sac giving rise to primitive gut

25
Q

What does primitive gut have?

A

3 regions - foregut, midgut and hindgut

26
Q

What happens at time of folding?

A

Several pharyngeal arches on either side of head as internal pharyngeal pouches and from ventral wall of foregut

27
Q

Where does respiratory develop from?

A

Ventral wall of foregut 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches the respiratory system develops

28
Q

What grows during week 4?

A

Lung bud or respiratory diverticulum appear as outgrowths from ventral wall of foregut

29
Q

What does lung bud have?

A

Opening common to foregut and extends it seperates from foregut by oesophagotracheal ridges

30
Q

What do oesophagotracheal ridges form?

A

Fuse to create oesophagotracheal septum divides the foregut into dorsal oesophagus and ventral trachea - maintained within laryngopharynx

31
Q

What is lining if larynx and respiratory system?

A

Endodermal, in origin it is mesodermal from mesenchyme of 4th6th pharyngeal arches

32
Q

What do mesenchymal cells rapidly divide into?

A

Laryngeal opening for t shaped opening - differentiates into thyroid cricoid and arytenoid cartilages

33
Q

What happens as laryngeal cartilages form?

A

Epithelium proliferates temp blocks lumen of diverticulum - followed by vascularisation and recanalisation resulting in forming laryngeal ventricles for true and false vocal chords

34
Q

What does diverticulum divide into at week 5?

A

Seperates from foregut - 2 lateral branches for L and R primary bronchi, R forms 3 secondary bronchi, L 2 secondary bronchi continue to grow till ten tertiary on right and 8 on left

35
Q

What do bronchi give rise to?

A

Bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs

36
Q

Whats formed at month 6?

A

Bronchioles and upto 17 more divisions, before bronchial tree final occurs 6 more divisions postnatal

37
Q

What are pericardioperitineal canals?

A

Narrow either side of foregut - fill as lung bunds sub divide visceral and paritel pleura derived from mesoderm, pleural cavity forms filled with pleural fluid

38
Q

What happens at month 7?

A

bronchial subdivisions are narrower and steady vascularisation - respiration possible when cuboid bronchial endothelium flatten to squamous

39
Q

What extends from respiratory bronchioles?

A

Primitive alveoli and terminal sacs for type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells

40
Q

WHt is type 1 and type 2 alveolar associated with?

A

Type 1 - blood and lymph capillaries

Type 2 - secretes surfactant to prevent collapse of lung

41
Q

How long does lung grow?

A

Till 10 of postnatal life

42
Q

What is oesophageal atreasia?

A

Oesophagus terminates in a blind ending passag

43
Q

What is TEF tracheoaphageal fistula?

A

abnormal opening forms between oesopahgus and trache in 90% together , babies cyanotic and stop breating

44
Q

What is the vacterl association?

A

Vertebral, Anal atresia, Cardiac, TEF, Eosophageal atresia, Renal and Limb defects

45
Q

How do congenital cysts arise?

A

Abnormal budding of diverticulum resulting in dilated and poorly vascularised terminal or larger bronchioles - in radiographs honeycomb appearece, cysts are air or fluid filled, treated with resp support, antibiotic and surgery

46
Q

What are other abnormalities of the bronchial tree?

A

Formation of ectopic lung lobes from trachea or oesophagus , loss of lung lobe or enter lung and formation of blind ending trachea with lung absnece

47
Q

When does respiratory distress syndrome occur?

A

insuffiecient quantities of surfactant produce, most common death - collapsed alveoli filled with protein rich fluid and form hyaline membrane filled with CT cells

48
Q

How to treat RDS?

A

Resp support with glucocorticoids - enhance surfactant production and synthetic surfactants - signs are rapid and shallow breating, nostrils flare, retraction of chest wall

CRR (27 decks)

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