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CRR > Respiratory Physiology, Pathology and Lung Volumes > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology, Pathology and Lung Volumes Flashcards

1
Q

What causes inhaled particles to trap in the mucas lining the mucosa?

A

Turbulence in URT and large surface

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2
Q

Where are small particles trapped?

A

by mucus further down the branching respiratory tract

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3
Q

What helps clear any particles that could reach alveoli?

A

Macrophages

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4
Q

What has implications for drug delivery?

A

Filtration

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5
Q

What does cilia of mucosa do?

A

Beat in rhythmic and coordinated way and carry trapped particles to pharynx and digestive tract

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6
Q

What happens to swallowed particles in the digestive tract?

A

broken down by a combo of low PH in the stomach and pepsin

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7
Q

What are tonsils and adenoids rich in? what does it do?

A

Lymphatic tissue - fixed and wondering macrophages ingest particles and function as APC activating immune system

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8
Q

What are signs of respiratory disease?

A

Cough, sneeze, dyspnoea, Cyanosis

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9
Q

What does a cough do?

A

Reflex response to clear congestion in lower RI tract - common sign of respiratory disorder

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10
Q

What does a cough involve?

A

Inspiration - closure of epiglottis and vocal chords, forceful contraction of abdominal muscles, opening of glottis and vocal chords, expulsion of air under pressure

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11
Q

What km/h can air be expelled?

A

75-100 and caused by irritation of lower RI tract

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12
Q

What is Dyspnoea?

A

Difficult or laboured breathing, shortness of breath, result from airway obstruction, caused by reduced lung compliance

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13
Q

What is Cyanosis?

A

Blueness of skin associated with low blood PO2 in capillary beds

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14
Q

What is most peripheral cyanosis caused by?

A

Peripheral vasoconstriction seen as response to extreme cold

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15
Q

What can cyanosis be caused by?

A

Respiratory disorders resulting in blood supply exceeding ventilation rate increased conc of reduced haemoglobin - evident when deoxygenated haemoglobin rises to 5g in arterial blood

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16
Q

What are respiratory disease classified by?

A

Tissue or organ involved can be;
Infections - due to pathogens
Obstructive lung disease - narrowing of air passages
Restrictive lung disease - loss of lung compliance

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17
Q

What are infections due to?

A

Pathogenic microorganisms - infections inhibited by immune but overcome as respiratory tract is warm, moist and alveoli is a good supply of nutrient rich blood

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18
Q

What can cause increased incidence of respiratory infections?

A

Poor ventilation of lungs

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19
Q

What can infections lead to?

A

Inflammation - a term ending in an itis indicates it e.g bronchitis

20
Q

What can reduce respiratory infection?

A

Use of antiobiotics or vaccinations i.e flu jab

21
Q

What are e.g of URT infections?

A

Common cold - viral affects nose, throat, sinuses, sinusitis, tonsilitis, , cough, runny nose, sneezing

22
Q

What are e.g of LRT infections?

A

Pneumonia - inflammatory affects alveoli, caused by bacteria streptococcus pneumoniae can be viruses or funghi
Tuberculosis - affects lungs caused by myobacterium tuberculosis

23
Q

What is Obstructive lung disease?

A

Narrowing of air passage. asthma, bronchitis, emphysema - decrease airflow during expiration

24
Q

What is asthma?

A

Obstructive inflammatory chronic lung disease, recurrent, reversible airway obstruction by bronchialhyperresponsivenes, allergic component, wheeze, SOB, nocturnal cough, bronchial muscles contract bronchospasms, treated with bronchodilators or anti-inflam drugs

25
Q

What is status asthmaticus?

A

Sever acute asthma - medical emergency

26
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

COPD along with chronic bronchitis, breathlessness, cough, plegm, loss of elastin, smoking main cause

27
Q

What does smoking do?

A

Allows inhalation of nicotine accumulate in pulmonary epithelial cells - act directly on alveolar macrophages and neutrophils so they increase secretion of enzyme elastase and oxygen radicals

28
Q

What is elastas?

A

A serine protease that targets ECM elastin - elastin gives lungs elastic properties, destruction decreases lung elasticity

29
Q

What produces elastase?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages and deactivated by serine protease inhibitor antitripsin
a1-antitrypsin inhibited by oxygen radicals

30
Q

What is the gene for a1-antitrypsin?

A

Polymorphic, 3 major alleles MSZ 95% normal mm genotype

31
Q

What major alleles does not cause disease?

A

MZ and SS - SZ and ZZ does

32
Q

What is restrictive lung disease?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis - lung compliance decreases , vital capacity drops, peak flow high - elastic tissue replaced by inelastic - caused by asbestos, silica and coal dust

33
Q

WHAT Malignant tumours cause cancer?

A

Lung cancer, mesothelioma

34
Q

What pleural cavity diseases are there?

A

Pleural mesothelioma, effusion (fluid in pleural cavity) Pneuomothorax (hole in pleura)

35
Q

What pulmonary vascular disease are there?

A

Embolism, arterial hypertension, oedema, haemorrgage, inflammation

36
Q

What 3 things of age effect respiratory system?

A

Elastic tissues deteriorate - alter lung compliance and low vital capacity
Arthritic changes - restrict chest movements
Emphysema - indiv >50 , smoke

37
Q

What pulmonary function test diagnose disease?

A

Spirometry, Vitalograph, Peak flow meters, Blood gas PH

38
Q

What is respiratory rate volumes?

A

Adapt to o2 demands - number of breaths per min and volume of air passed so tidal volume

39
Q

What is respiratory minute volume?

A

Amount of air moved per min of total volume of air that passes through
RRxTV
Measures pulmonary ventilation, 6L healthy

40
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

part that reaches alveolar exchange surfaces - volume of air remaining in anatomical dead space where gas exchange doesnt occur
TV-ADSxRR

41
Q

How is pulmonary air flow measured?

A

Spirometry for flow of air in and out of lungs, measures pulmonary volumes and capacities

42
Q

What is normal FEV1?

A

> 80

severe is <50

43
Q

What is FVC in mild obstructive lung disease?

A

Normal but fev1 is low, mild between 65-80

44
Q

What is fvc in restrictive lung disease?

A

FVC and fev1 is low

45
Q

What is measured for blood gas ph?

A

measure partial pressures of CO2 and O2 and PH in blood

CRR (27 decks)

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