Stroke

Question 1

Why is diabetes increases the risk of stroke?

Answer 1

Hyperglycaemia promotes vessel damage (similar to hypertension)
- increases risk of plaque formation, thrombosis , and embolism

Question 2

What is the main cause of ischemic strokes?

Answer 2

The buildup of plaque within blood vessels

Question 3

What is penumbra?

Answer 3

The tissue that surrounds the occluded/ischemic area in the brain. This area is partially ischemic but salvageable

Question 4

What is a transient ischemic attack

Answer 4

A temporary blockage in the brain with no permanent damage. It’s akin to angina in the heart

Question 5

When do TIA symptoms resolve?

Answer 5

Within 24 hours or much sooner

Question 6

What is dysarthria?

Answer 6

Slurred speech or difficulty speaking

Question 7

What brain structures are effected in cases of a lacunary stroke ?

Answer 7

• basal ganglia
• pons
• cerebellum

Question 8

What are the symptoms of a lacunary stroke?

Answer 8

• memory changes
• personality changes
• balance chances

Question 9

What are common causes of lacunary strokes

Answer 9

• uncontrolled HTN
• long term diabetes

Question 10

Symptoms of TIA

Answer 10

-memory loss with new onset migraines with aura

Question 11

What are the two primary circulations of the circle of Willis?

Answer 11

Anterior circulation and posterior circulation

Question 12

What is the anterior circulation supplied by?

Answer 12

The internal carotid arteries

Question 13

The posterior circulation is supplied by what?

Answer 13

The basilar and vertebral arteries

Question 14

what is the function of the circle of Willis?

Answer 14

It allows for collateral circulation and compensate for blockages

Question 15

If a posterior circulation stroke were to occur . What symptoms would patients experience and why?

Answer 15

• ataxia
• vertigo
• dizziness
• bilateral motor and sensory deficits.

This is because the posterior circulation effect areas that are responsible for balance,coordination, and proprioception such as the cerebellum

Question 16

What are hemorrhagic strokes typically caused by?

Answer 16

• aneurysm
• arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

Question 17

What is amyloid angiopathy?

Answer 17

Amyloid proteins accumulate around and within blood vessels forming plaques and weakening vascular walls

Question 18

What are factors influencing the accumulation of amyloid proteins around vasculature?

Answer 18

Type 2 diabetes and genetic predispositions

Question 19

Hemorrhage vs the circle of Willis

Answer 19

The collateral circulation becomes ineffective during a hemorrhage and cannot compensate for blood loss leading to increased ICP

Question 20

What is Ateriovenous malformation (AVM)

Answer 20

Failure in proper development of the capillary system causing blood to shunt directly from arteries to veins without passing through cappilaries

Question 21

What is the consequence of AVMs and why does this consequence happen?

Answer 21

Aneurysm formation on the venous side
- this is because the bypassing of the capillaries prevent the blood pressure to go to is normal in the venous side leading to increased intra vascular pressure

Question 22

What is cerebellar sign?

Answer 22

Symptoms that indicate cerebellar involvement in a stroke.
- imbalance, dizziness, and vertigo