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Patho 2 > chronic conditions 1.1 > Flashcards

chronic conditions 1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is scoliosis?

A

a lateral deformity or bending of the spine

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2
Q

structural vs non structural scoliosis?

A

structural ; congenital and progressive without treatment. persistent with posturral changes

non structural; resolves with posture changes and non progressive

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3
Q

what are factors for scholiosis?

A
  • congenital or idiopathic
  • inflammation
  • nerve irritation
  • postural compensation
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4
Q

what are the functional impacts of scoliosis?

A
  • scoliosis can compress vital organs such as the heart and lungs and cause a decreased range of motion which impacts activities of daily living
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5
Q

what are treatments for scoliosis?

A
  • braces
  • PT
  • and surgery
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6
Q

what is kyphosis?

A

exaggerated curvature of the upper spine (cervicle/thoracic region)

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7
Q

the posture kyphosis causes is called…

A

Quasimodo posture

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8
Q

what are the causes for kyphosis?

A

-osteopenia/osteoporosis
- compression of vertbral trabeculae
- poor posture
- trauma/ improper healing from fractures

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9
Q

what is osteochondrosis

A

a disease of growth ossification that affects the epiphyseal plates

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10
Q

what are the causes of osteochondritis?

A
  • idiopathic
  • genetic
  • traumatic
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11
Q

which population is osteochondritis common in?

A

pre-teenn and teen males or during growth spurts in athletic individuals

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12
Q

how does osteochondritis happen?

A

it happens due to partial seperation of the epipysis and tibial tuberosity due to strain

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13
Q

what is the clinical presentation of osteochondritis?

A
  • pain and inflamation at the tibial tuberositiy
  • redness
  • swelling
  • deformity
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14
Q

what is the management for osteochondritis?

A
  • rest
  • anti inflammatory meds
  • physio therapy
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15
Q

what is osteomyelitis?

A

infection of the medullary cavity in the bone marrow space

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16
Q

why does osteomyelitis occur more frequently in children?

A

due to their developing skeletal systems

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17
Q

how does osteomyelitis occur?

A
  • infection from another region that travels through blood vessels supplying the bone
  • can occur during injury or surgery
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18
Q

what are common infections that can cause osteomyelitis?

A
  • dental
  • ear
  • sinus
  • skin
    infections
19
Q

what is the clinical presontation for osteomyelitis?

A

localized pain, swelling, and tenderness over effected bone
- signs of infection
- pus production and visible inflamation

20
Q

management of ostemyleitis

A
  • antibiotics
  • surgery
21
Q

What are aseptic/ non infectious causes osteomyelitis?

A

Ischemic necrosis due to trauma and sickle cell disorders

22
Q

Complications of osteomyelitis

A
  • bone weakening
  • osteoarthritis
  • increased susceptibility of fractures
23
Q

What is ischemic bone necrosis?

A

Loss of blood supply to bone which leads to cell death in the bone marrow

24
Q

What are the causes for ischemic bone necrosis?

A
  • trauma
  • sickle cell disease
25
Q

Osteopenia vs osteoporosis?

A

Osteopenia ; early stage of bone density loss but not severe
Osteoporosis ; significant loss of bone density and strength

26
Q

What are osteoclasts and osteoblasts?

A

Osteoclasts are responsible for reabsorption and osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation

27
Q

In the condition of osteopenia and osteoporosis osteoclast activity out-spaces osteoblasts which leads to…

A

The loss of trabecular bone (spongy bone)

28
Q

What are modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis/osteopenia

A
  • nutrition
  • sedentary lifestyle
  • smoking and drinking
29
Q

What are non modifiable risk factors for osteopenia/osteoporosis

A
  • aging
  • female post menopausal
  • genetic predisposition
30
Q

Why are post menopausal women at higher risk for bone health conditions?

A

Due to decreased estrogen levels which is a hormone that is bone preserving

31
Q

What type of medications can contribute to bone health conditions?

A
  • corticosteroids
  • anticonvulsants
  • thyroid hormones
32
Q

What is the cause of osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children?

A
  • deficient mineralization of bones due to low vitamin D
33
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Osteomalacia and rickets?

A
  • soft weak bones
  • diffuse bone pain in hips
  • bowing of long bones
  • potential fractures
  • numbness in mouth
  • muscle spasms
  • pigeon breast deformities
34
Q

What is renal rickets?

A

Rickets specific to renal dysfunction which include calcium malabsorption, high calcium excretion, and reduced activation of vitamin d

35
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A

An abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brains ventricles which leads to increased head circumference in children with un loses sutures or fontenelles

36
Q

Non communicating hydrocephalus (obstructive)

A

There is normal CSF production however there is a blockage in the CSF flow path causing the accumulation in the brain

37
Q

Communicating hydrocephalus (non-obstructive)

A

There is a decrease in CSF reabsorption causing the accumulation in the brain

38
Q

What are the causes of communicating hydrocephalus?

A
  • inflammation
  • tumours
  • and sub arachnoid hemorrhage
39
Q

What are long term complications of hydrocephalus?

A
  • developmental delays
  • seizures
  • brain damage
40
Q

What is Rachitic rosary?

A

Improper bone mineralization of bones leading to abnormal bread like bone formation and the costochondrial junctions

41
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

A degenerative joint disease which includes articulation cartilage breakdown and formation of bone spurs/calcifications

42
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

This is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own joint tissues (synovial membranes). This is an over activation of the immune system which causes chronic inflammation

43
Q

With rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system targets synovial membranes causing inflammation, this leads to…

A

Pannus formation (abnormal tissue growth in joints)

Patho 2 (38 decks)

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