chronic conditions 1.1 Flashcards
what is scoliosis?
a lateral deformity or bending of the spine
structural vs non structural scoliosis?
structural ; congenital and progressive without treatment. persistent with posturral changes
non structural; resolves with posture changes and non progressive
what are factors for scholiosis?
- congenital or idiopathic
- inflammation
- nerve irritation
- postural compensation
what are the functional impacts of scoliosis?
- scoliosis can compress vital organs such as the heart and lungs and cause a decreased range of motion which impacts activities of daily living
what are treatments for scoliosis?
- braces
- PT
- and surgery
what is kyphosis?
exaggerated curvature of the upper spine (cervicle/thoracic region)
the posture kyphosis causes is called…
Quasimodo posture
what are the causes for kyphosis?
-osteopenia/osteoporosis
- compression of vertbral trabeculae
- poor posture
- trauma/ improper healing from fractures
what is osteochondrosis
a disease of growth ossification that affects the epiphyseal plates
what are the causes of osteochondritis?
- idiopathic
- genetic
- traumatic
which population is osteochondritis common in?
pre-teenn and teen males or during growth spurts in athletic individuals
how does osteochondritis happen?
it happens due to partial seperation of the epipysis and tibial tuberosity due to strain
what is the clinical presentation of osteochondritis?
- pain and inflamation at the tibial tuberositiy
- redness
- swelling
- deformity
what is the management for osteochondritis?
- rest
- anti inflammatory meds
- physio therapy
what is osteomyelitis?
infection of the medullary cavity in the bone marrow space
why does osteomyelitis occur more frequently in children?
due to their developing skeletal systems
how does osteomyelitis occur?
- infection from another region that travels through blood vessels supplying the bone
- can occur during injury or surgery
what are common infections that can cause osteomyelitis?
- dental
- ear
- sinus
- skin
infections
what is the clinical presontation for osteomyelitis?
localized pain, swelling, and tenderness over effected bone
- signs of infection
- pus production and visible inflamation
management of ostemyleitis
- antibiotics
- surgery
What are aseptic/ non infectious causes osteomyelitis?
Ischemic necrosis due to trauma and sickle cell disorders
Complications of osteomyelitis
- bone weakening
- osteoarthritis
- increased susceptibility of fractures
What is ischemic bone necrosis?
Loss of blood supply to bone which leads to cell death in the bone marrow
What are the causes for ischemic bone necrosis?
- trauma
- sickle cell disease
Osteopenia vs osteoporosis?
Osteopenia ; early stage of bone density loss but not severe
Osteoporosis ; significant loss of bone density and strength
What are osteoclasts and osteoblasts?
Osteoclasts are responsible for reabsorption and osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation
In the condition of osteopenia and osteoporosis osteoclast activity out-spaces osteoblasts which leads to…
The loss of trabecular bone (spongy bone)
What are modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis/osteopenia
- nutrition
- sedentary lifestyle
- smoking and drinking
What are non modifiable risk factors for osteopenia/osteoporosis
- aging
- female post menopausal
- genetic predisposition
Why are post menopausal women at higher risk for bone health conditions?
Due to decreased estrogen levels which is a hormone that is bone preserving
What type of medications can contribute to bone health conditions?
- corticosteroids
- anticonvulsants
- thyroid hormones
What is the cause of osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children?
- deficient mineralization of bones due to low vitamin D
What is the clinical presentation of Osteomalacia and rickets?
- soft weak bones
- diffuse bone pain in hips
- bowing of long bones
- potential fractures
- numbness in mouth
- muscle spasms
- pigeon breast deformities
What is renal rickets?
Rickets specific to renal dysfunction which include calcium malabsorption, high calcium excretion, and reduced activation of vitamin d
What is hydrocephalus?
An abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brains ventricles which leads to increased head circumference in children with un loses sutures or fontenelles
Non communicating hydrocephalus (obstructive)
There is normal CSF production however there is a blockage in the CSF flow path causing the accumulation in the brain
Communicating hydrocephalus (non-obstructive)
There is a decrease in CSF reabsorption causing the accumulation in the brain
What are the causes of communicating hydrocephalus?
- inflammation
- tumours
- and sub arachnoid hemorrhage
What are long term complications of hydrocephalus?
- developmental delays
- seizures
- brain damage
What is Rachitic rosary?
Improper bone mineralization of bones leading to abnormal bread like bone formation and the costochondrial junctions
What is osteoarthritis?
A degenerative joint disease which includes articulation cartilage breakdown and formation of bone spurs/calcifications
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
This is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks its own joint tissues (synovial membranes). This is an over activation of the immune system which causes chronic inflammation
With rheumatoid arthritis, the immune system targets synovial membranes causing inflammation, this leads to…
Pannus formation (abnormal tissue growth in joints)
