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Patho 2 > Seizures > Flashcards

Seizures Flashcards

1
Q

What is Todd’s paralysis? What are the symptoms?

A
  • A condition that follows a seizure
    Symptoms
  • dysphagia
  • global aphasia
  • hemiplegia
  • unilateral vision changes
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2
Q

Wha is the definition of a seizure?

A

A Transient neurological event caused by excessive or abnormal neuronal electrical disturbances

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3
Q

Manifestations of a seizure

A
  • skeletal muscle contractions
  • changes in sensation and autonomic functions
  • loss or altered consciousness
  • potential respiratory arrest
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4
Q

What are potential causes for seizures?

A
  • space occupying lesions
  • traumatic brain injury
  • vascular issues like stroke
  • metabolic factors (hypoxia/hypoglycaemia)
  • infection and hyperthermia
  • alcohol and drugs
  • eclampsia
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5
Q

Febrile seizures are triggered by high fevers and common in children. What are factors that fluency recurrence?

A
  • age of first seizure
  • severity of fever
  • family hx
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6
Q

What is a reactive seizure?

A

Seizures that are triggered by specific stimuli or changes. Common in those diagnosed with epilepsy

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7
Q

What are common triggers for reactiv seizures?

A
  • medication non compliance
  • medication changes
  • weight changes
  • stress or illness
  • photosensitivity (rare)
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8
Q

What are barren foci?

A

An abnormal part of the brain which can lead to aberrant depolarization and over excitation.
They are
- hypersensitive
- hyperactive
- hyper reactive

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9
Q

What neurotransmitters are in relation to seizures. What is the neurotransmitters role?

A

Glutamate
- excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
- too much contributes to seizures

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
- inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain
- too little contributes to seizures

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10
Q

What is epileptogenesis?

A

A process by which a normal brain becomes epileptic

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11
Q

Seizures manifest clinically only when…

A

There is synchronization or hyper-synchronization of neuronal activity

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12
Q

What are partial seizures?

A

Aka localized seizures and involve specific regions of the brain and can produced localized symptoms

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13
Q

What are generalized seizures?

A

It involves significant or entirety of brain. This includes tonic clonic (grand mal) seizures which involve generalized body convulsions

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14
Q

What is epileptogenic tissue?

A

Regions in the brain that are chronically seizure inducing

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15
Q

What structures of the brain are involved in generalized seizures?

A
  • Thalamus
  • reticular activating formation (RAF)
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16
Q

Motor vs non motor seizures

A

Motor - involve observable movement
Non motor - aka absence seizure (petit mal) where individuals may lose awareness momentarily

17
Q

What are the phases of tonic clonic seizures?

A
  1. Prodromal phase
  2. Aura
  3. Ictal phase
  4. Postictal phase
18
Q

What is the prodromal phase?

A
  • occurs hours or days before seizure
  • symptoms include: fatigue, insomnia, ,headache, nausea, feeling of un wellness
19
Q

What is the aura phase?

A
  • occurs seconds to minutes before seizure
  • symptoms: GI disturbances, anxiety, sensory hallucinations (visual/auditory), and aura
20
Q

The ictal phase comes in two parts. Tonic and clonic. Describe Tonic phase

A
  • LOC and muscular rigidity
  • eye/mouth opening, arm adduction, leg extension
  • tongue bitting, incontinence, high pitched cry/gasp
    Duration: 10 - 15 seconds
21
Q

Why does this high pitched cry/gasp occur during the tonic phase?

A

Because the abdominal and diaphragm muscles contract leading to apnea

22
Q

The ictal phase occurs in two parts ; tonic and clonic phases. Describe the clonic phase

A
  • rhythmic and alternating muscle contractions and relaxations
    Duration: 1 - 2 minutes
23
Q

Describe the postictal phase

A

Confusion, disorientation, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, tachycardia, diphoresis, low grade fever, secondary hypoglycaemia

24
Q

What are the three types of generalized motor seizures

A
  1. Myoclonic
  2. Atomic
  3. Epileptic
25
Q

What is a myoclonic seizure

A

Characterized by a brief, sporadic involuntary jerking movement which can be unilateral or bilateral

26
Q

What is a tonic seizures

A

Aka drop seizures, involve sudden loss of muscle tone

27
Q

What is the demographic for absence seizures

A

Children between the age of 4 to puberty

28
Q

What is the duration and symptoms of absence seizures

A

Duration: 2 - 10 seconds but can occur hundreds of times a day
Symptoms: brief loss of awareness. Mistaken for daydreaming or spacing out

29
Q

What is automatism

A

It is repetitive involuntary movements that occur during seizures

30
Q

What is the definition of status epilepticus?

A

A condition characterized by a continuous series of seizures with no recovery period in between
>5 min in duration

31
Q

What is Jacksonian march?

A

Focal seizure activity starting in one area like the finger and spreading to adjacent areas like up the arm

Patho 2 (30 decks)

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