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Patho 2 > Female Repro Supp Notes > Flashcards

Female Repro Supp Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

An inflammatory response resulting in diffuse abdominal inflamation, scaring, and sequalae

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2
Q

Where can the inflammation/infection spread to in a person with PID

A

Ovaries, ligaments, peritoneal surfaces, and abdominal organs and even may spread to the liver

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3
Q

What is PID typically due to?

A

Infections and STIs such as gonorrhea and clamydia

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4
Q

In patients with PID the infection/inflammation ascends through…

A

The uterus and fallopian tubes

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5
Q

PID commonly occurs in what type of individuals?

A
  • sexually active women
  • younger women
  • and women who never had a child
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6
Q

In rare cases PID is also associated with infections of these nearby organs?

A
  • appendix
  • colon
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7
Q

Why is inflammation in the fallopian tubes a concern?

A
  • swelling can seal ends trapping the pus
  • swelling can predispose them to abscess formation
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8
Q

What is a common sequelae of PID

A

Infertility ; due to the post inflammatory scaring

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9
Q

What is the treatment for PID

A
  • laparoscopy
  • antibiotics
  • surgery to drain abscesses
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10
Q

Long term consequences (sequels): if scarring and formation of adhesions between the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and organs occur ….

A
  • infertility
  • interference with intestinal motility
  • restriction of organ movement during body movement
  • chronic abdo pain
  • reoccurring fallopian tube infection
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11
Q

What is endometriosis

A

This is when tissue similar to the endometrium (uterine tissue) grows outside of the uterus

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12
Q

What is endometriosis commonly due to?

A

Endometrial fragments that are expelled through the fallopian tubes and reach the pelvic cavity where they become established

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13
Q

What is the common malignancy of the uterus?

A

Endometrial carcinoma

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14
Q

What does metastasizes mean?

A

When the cancer spreads from one area to another

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15
Q

What age does endometrial carcinoma often arise?

A

After menopause (55 - 65)

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16
Q

Exposure to high levels of estrogen can increase the risk of endometrial carcinoma. What conditions are associated with high levels of estrogen?

A
  • DM
  • Obesity
  • HTN
  • Delayed menopause
17
Q

Early stage Manifestations of endometrial carcinoma

A
  • abnormal painless bleeding
  • in menstruating women, bleeding between periods.
18
Q

Later stage manifestations of endometrial carcinoma

A
  • cramping
  • pelvic discomfort
  • postcoital pain
  • lower abdominal pressure
  • enlarged lymph nodes
19
Q

How is endometrial carcinoma diagnosed?

A
  • biopsy, dilation, and curretage
20
Q

Treatment for endometrium carcinoma?

A
  • hysterectomy
  • removal of adjacent pelvic organs
  • radiation and hormone suppression therapy
21
Q

What is the most common form of pelvic tumours?

A

Uterine fibroids

22
Q

What are uterine fibroids?

A

Benign neoplasms (tumours) of the uterus. These are masses of muscle and connective tissue that are stimulated by estrogen

23
Q

Uterine fibroids: intracavity

A
  • inside the uterus cavity
  • causes bleeding between periods (metorrrhagia)
  • often causes severe cramping
24
Q

Uterine fibroids: Intramural

A
  • within the muscular wall of the uterus
  • causes the uterus to bulge
25
Q

Uterine fibroids: submucosal

A
  • between the endometrium and uterine lining
  • may lead to habitual abortion (infertility)
  • heavy /prolonged bleeding w/ me striation
  • often protrudes into the cavity
26
Q

Uterine fibroids: Subserosal

A
  • outermost uterine lay of the uterus
  • projects inward into the abdominal cavity
  • often asymptomatic
27
Q

What is metrorrhagia?

A

Bleeding that occurs between period

28
Q

What are ovarian cysts?

A

Fluid filled sacs (like blisters)

29
Q

Ovarian cysts are common among which type of women?

A

Women during reproductive years ; most are harmless and go away without treatment

30
Q

What is the cause/patho behind an ovarian cysts?

A
  • during ovulation a follicle is formed inside the ovary
  • the mature follicle ruptures when an egg is released during ovulatiion
  • corpus luteum forms from the empty follicle and dissolves if fertilization does not occur
31
Q

Most ovarian cysts form from which type of follicle?

A

Graafian follicles

32
Q

What is the size of enlarged corpus luteum cysts?

A

1- 2 cm in diameter but can be as large as 8cm

33
Q

What is poly cystic ovarian syndrome? (PCOS)

A

The presence of multiple cysts on both ovaries and occurs usually in younger women

34
Q

Why might polycystic ovarian syndrome prevent ovulation and decrease fertility?

A

The buildup of follicular cysts causes ovaries to enlarge and create a thick outer covering

35
Q

What is the diagnosis for ovarian cysts?

A
  • pelvic exam
  • ultrasound
  • laparoscopy
36
Q

What is the treatment for ovarian cysts?

A
  • oral contraceptives
  • surgery
37
Q

What are the risk factors for breast cancer

A
  • age over 50
  • white and African Americans
  • early first period
  • late menopause
  • no child bearing or late child making
  • family hx or breast , ovarian, or brain
  • obesity
  • alcohol consumption

Patho 2 (30 decks)

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