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Patho 2 > Chronic Conditions 2.2 > Flashcards

Chronic Conditions 2.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What impact does bone cancer have on hematopoiesis?

A

Bone cancer disrupts normal blood cell production and can result in anemia, immune suppression, and abnormal thrombocytes

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2
Q

Dysfunctional red blood cells

A

Dysfunctional RBC do not carry O2 effectivly triggering erythropoietin to signal more production of RBC which are also defective

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3
Q

What are weakened intercellular bonds?

A

Mutations that weaken bonds between epithelial cells which allow cancer to invade deeper layers

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4
Q

The basement membrane provides structural support and acts as a barrier, once breached what occurs?

A

The cancer gains access to underlying tissue and vessels

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5
Q

What type of chest pain do you get with lung cancer?

A

Pleuritic chest pain

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

A
  • rapid growth
  • early metastases
  • centrally located in bronchi and bronchioles
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7
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes that occur when your body is reacting do lung cancer?

A
  • syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic Hormone (SIADH)
  • Cushing’s syndrome (increased ACTH)
  • hypercalcemia (increased parathyroid hormone)
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of non small cell lung cancer?

A
  • slower progression
  • less associated with smoking
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9
Q

Where is a common spread site for lung cancer?

A

The adrenal gland, bones, or CNS

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10
Q

A rare complication of lung cancer is superior vena cave obstruction, what symptoms would present?

A
  • swollen red face
  • engorged veins in the neck and upper chest
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11
Q

In non small cell lung cancer, it can cause sympathetic nerve chain compression, what symptoms can manifest?

A
  • pinpoint pupils
  • drooping eyelids
  • lack of forehead sweating
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12
Q

Colorectal cancer causes napkin ring lesions which encircle the lumen, narrowing the intestinal passage. What are the symptoms of this?

A
  • decreased stool diameter
  • left lower quadrant pain
  • blood in bowel movements
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13
Q

How do colorectal tumours metastasized?

A

Blood from the intestines flow directly to the liver via portal circulations

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14
Q

What cardiac condition is increased in risk during colorectal cancer?

A

Endocarditis

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15
Q

Renal cancer often arises where?

A

In the renal tubules

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16
Q

Renal cancer is associated with…

A

A loss of tumour suppressor genes and increased insulin growth factor which promotes tumour growth

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17
Q

What is the triad for renal cancer

A
  • hematuria
  • palpable mass
  • flank pain
18
Q

How does renal cancer cause hypertension?

A

The tumour secretes renin which activates the RAAS

19
Q

Renal cancer can metastasize to which parts of the body?

A
  • lungs
  • CNS
  • Bones
20
Q

Many CNS cancers metastasizes from …

A

Lung, breast, and kidney cancers

21
Q

What are glioblastoma multi form (GBM)

A

A malignant tumour of the glial cells (Astrocytes) which are highly Mitotic

22
Q

How does GBM effect the blood brain barrier?

A

It causes necrosis, compression, and disruption of the blood brain barrier

23
Q

What is a meningioma?

A

A benign CNS tumour which are more common in females

24
Q

What is the presentation of a meningioma?

A
  • new onset of seizures due to tumour attachment to the dura mater and compression of the brain
25
Q

What is an ependymoma

A

Malignant tumor of ependymal cells which are most common in paediatrics

26
Q

Where does ependymoma frequently occur?

A

In the fourth ventricle

27
Q

What are the clinical effects ependymoma

A

It can impede CSF drainage leading to hydrocephalus

28
Q

What is an osteoma?

A

A benign bone tumour which is often asymptomatic

29
Q

What is a osteoid osteoma?

A

A benign tumour of osteoblasts

30
Q

What is a ostochondroma?

A

A benign bone tumour which causes lateral bone growth in long and short bones

31
Q

What are complications of of osteochondroma?

A

Pathological fractures due to weakened bone structure

32
Q

What is a primary bone tumour in paediatrics

A

Osteosarcoma

33
Q

What is a complication to radiation therapy?

A

Burns which can cause infection especially in immune compromised patients

34
Q

What are clinical concerns for polycythemia?

A
  • dehydration
  • increase MVO2 due to increase workload on the heart
  • infarction, stroke, MI
35
Q

Anemia can cause tissue hypoxia which can lead to anaerobic metabolism, what does this result in?

A
  • lactic acid build up
  • acidosis
  • sodium potassium pump dysfunction
36
Q

What are common causes of micro cystic anemia?

A
  • iron deficiency
  • thalassemia (genetic condition)
  • anemia of chronic disease
37
Q

What is anemia of chronic disease?

A

Chronic inflammation which impairs iron utilization and erythropoiesis

38
Q

What is the role of protoporphyrin in hemoglobin synthesis?

A

Protoporphyrin is essential for combining with iron to form heme which combines to globin to form hemoglobin

39
Q

Where is iron absorbed in the body?

A

In the duodenum

40
Q

What factors effect iron absorption?

A
  • Malabsorption conditions
  • gastrectomy
  • diarrhea
  • duodenal damage
41
Q

Where is iron stored?

A

Liver and bone marrow

42
Q

Why does a gastrectomy result in iron malabsorption?

A

Gastric acid is needed to convert iron 3 to iron 2. There is a decrease in gastric acid in partial removal of the stomach

Patho 2 (38 decks)

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