Chronic Conditions 2.2 Flashcards
What impact does bone cancer have on hematopoiesis?
Bone cancer disrupts normal blood cell production and can result in anemia, immune suppression, and abnormal thrombocytes
Dysfunctional red blood cells
Dysfunctional RBC do not carry O2 effectivly triggering erythropoietin to signal more production of RBC which are also defective
What are weakened intercellular bonds?
Mutations that weaken bonds between epithelial cells which allow cancer to invade deeper layers
The basement membrane provides structural support and acts as a barrier, once breached what occurs?
The cancer gains access to underlying tissue and vessels
What type of chest pain do you get with lung cancer?
Pleuritic chest pain
What are the characteristics of small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
- rapid growth
- early metastases
- centrally located in bronchi and bronchioles
What are paraneoplastic syndromes that occur when your body is reacting do lung cancer?
- syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic Hormone (SIADH)
- Cushing’s syndrome (increased ACTH)
- hypercalcemia (increased parathyroid hormone)
What are the characteristics of non small cell lung cancer?
- slower progression
- less associated with smoking
Where is a common spread site for lung cancer?
The adrenal gland, bones, or CNS
A rare complication of lung cancer is superior vena cave obstruction, what symptoms would present?
- swollen red face
- engorged veins in the neck and upper chest
In non small cell lung cancer, it can cause sympathetic nerve chain compression, what symptoms can manifest?
- pinpoint pupils
- drooping eyelids
- lack of forehead sweating
Colorectal cancer causes napkin ring lesions which encircle the lumen, narrowing the intestinal passage. What are the symptoms of this?
- decreased stool diameter
- left lower quadrant pain
- blood in bowel movements
How do colorectal tumours metastasized?
Blood from the intestines flow directly to the liver via portal circulations
What cardiac condition is increased in risk during colorectal cancer?
Endocarditis
Renal cancer often arises where?
In the renal tubules
Renal cancer is associated with…
A loss of tumour suppressor genes and increased insulin growth factor which promotes tumour growth
What is the triad for renal cancer
- hematuria
- palpable mass
- flank pain
How does renal cancer cause hypertension?
The tumour secretes renin which activates the RAAS
Renal cancer can metastasize to which parts of the body?
- lungs
- CNS
- Bones
Many CNS cancers metastasizes from …
Lung, breast, and kidney cancers
What are glioblastoma multi form (GBM)
A malignant tumour of the glial cells (Astrocytes) which are highly Mitotic
How does GBM effect the blood brain barrier?
It causes necrosis, compression, and disruption of the blood brain barrier
What is a meningioma?
A benign CNS tumour which are more common in females
What is the presentation of a meningioma?
- new onset of seizures due to tumour attachment to the dura mater and compression of the brain
What is an ependymoma
Malignant tumor of ependymal cells which are most common in paediatrics
Where does ependymoma frequently occur?
In the fourth ventricle
What are the clinical effects ependymoma
It can impede CSF drainage leading to hydrocephalus
What is an osteoma?
A benign bone tumour which is often asymptomatic
What is a osteoid osteoma?
A benign tumour of osteoblasts
What is a ostochondroma?
A benign bone tumour which causes lateral bone growth in long and short bones
What are complications of of osteochondroma?
Pathological fractures due to weakened bone structure
What is a primary bone tumour in paediatrics
Osteosarcoma
What is a complication to radiation therapy?
Burns which can cause infection especially in immune compromised patients
What are clinical concerns for polycythemia?
- dehydration
- increase MVO2 due to increase workload on the heart
- infarction, stroke, MI
Anemia can cause tissue hypoxia which can lead to anaerobic metabolism, what does this result in?
- lactic acid build up
- acidosis
- sodium potassium pump dysfunction
What are common causes of micro cystic anemia?
- iron deficiency
- thalassemia (genetic condition)
- anemia of chronic disease
What is anemia of chronic disease?
Chronic inflammation which impairs iron utilization and erythropoiesis
What is the role of protoporphyrin in hemoglobin synthesis?
Protoporphyrin is essential for combining with iron to form heme which combines to globin to form hemoglobin
Where is iron absorbed in the body?
In the duodenum
What factors effect iron absorption?
- Malabsorption conditions
- gastrectomy
- diarrhea
- duodenal damage
Where is iron stored?
Liver and bone marrow
Why does a gastrectomy result in iron malabsorption?
Gastric acid is needed to convert iron 3 to iron 2. There is a decrease in gastric acid in partial removal of the stomach
