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Patho 2 > GI patho > Flashcards

GI patho Flashcards

1
Q

if the appendix rupptures it can leak into the abdominal cavity causing what complications?

A
  • peritonitis
  • sepsis
  • perforation
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2
Q

apendicitis effects healthy individuals ranging from….

A

10-19 yoa

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3
Q

what is the key cause for appencitis?

A

the obstruction of the appencieal lumen

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4
Q

obstruction of the appendical lumen leads to…

A

bacterial invasion of the appendix wall which causes the distension and inflammation

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5
Q

why does the inflammation of the appendix lead to ischemia and necrosis?

A

because the lymphatic/venous drainage is blocked

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6
Q

what are the initial symptoms of appendicitis?

A

nausea, vommiting, and periumbilical pain

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7
Q

where would the pain migrate to as a symptom as appendicitis?

A

to the RLQ

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8
Q

appendicitis can present with blumberg sign. what is blumberg sign?

A

this is rebound tenderness, when pressure is applies the pain releves

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9
Q

why does the pain with a pt suffering from apendicitis radiate to the RLQ?

A

because of the distention of the appendix which irritates the serosa

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10
Q

what is mcburneys point?

A

it is the site of pain in a pt suffering from appendicitis

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11
Q

where is mcburneys point

A

halfway between the umbilicus and anterior iliac spine

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12
Q

why does a low fiber diet contribute to contracting appendicitis?

A

fibers bulk up stool so low fiber would allow small particles to get stuck in the appendix/diverticula

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13
Q

why does high sugar contribute to contracting apendicitis?

A

high sugar distrupts gut microbiota and promotes growth of bad bacteria

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14
Q

what is cullens sign and what does it indicate?

A

this is bruising around the umbilicus and it indicates intra-abdominal hemmorhage

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15
Q

what is grey turner sign and what does it indicate?

A

this is bruising on the flanks (side of abdomen) and it indiaces retroperitoneum hemmorhage

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16
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy

A

a fertilized zygote implants somwhere other than the uterus and presents with sharp abdo pain

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17
Q

what is a hernia?

A

a hernia is when internal tissues push through weak spots in the adbdominal wall

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18
Q

inguinal hernia vs. epigastric hernia

A

inguinal occurs in the lower abdominal area and epigastric occurs in the upper abdominal are

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19
Q

osmotic diarrhea

A

caused by presence of non absorbable solutes in the intestines which draws water into the colon. these solutes can not be absorbed by the body atracting sodium and water into the GI tract

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20
Q

secretory diarhea

A

the body secretes electrolytes and water in the colon to flush out harmful substances like bacteria

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21
Q

exudative diarhea

A

the body responds to inflamation by producing exudate which draws water into the colon

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22
Q

motility related diarhea

A

the intestines move to quiqly reducing water absorption time, seen in IBS

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23
Q

what is GERD

A

gastro-esophogeal reflux disease : occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus due to a weakened/loosenedlower esophageal sphincter

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24
Q

what are complications of GERD

A

esophogitis or barretts syndrome where the cells lining the esophagus changes increasing the risk for cancer

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25
Q

what are symptoms of GERD

A
  • heart burn
  • dysphagia
  • weight loss due to pain from eating
26
Q

what are signs of GERD for a baby?

A
  • arching back
  • spit up/ crying
  • nursing frequently
27
Q

what is billary atresia?

A

the absence or obstruction of the bile duct within or outside the liver

28
Q

what are symptomes of billary atresia

A

jaundice, clay coloured/pale poop, dark urine, hepatomegaly, obdominal distension

29
Q

what is pyloric stenosis (what do you think the symptoms would be for this individual)

A

its a restricted movement of food into the small intestines

30
Q

what is acute gastritis?

A

inflamation of the stomach lining

31
Q

what could cause acute gastritis

A
  • alcohol, nsaid, and tabacoos use. aswell as bacterial infections such as h-pylori
32
Q

what are symptoms of gastritis?

A
  • annorexia, nausea, postmeal discomfort, vommiting, diarrhea, and hematemisis
33
Q

what is gastroenteritis?

A

inflamation of the stomach and intestines

34
Q

what is gut flora imbalance

A

when a person travels to another country with different food and water bacteria, it could cause stomach issues

35
Q

how are ulcers formed?

A

this happens due to an increase in hydrocloric acid and the enzyme pepsin. they are usefull when breaking down protein but too much can break down stomach tissue

36
Q

how does H-pylori contribute to ulcer formation?

A

they increase acid production and decrease bi carb production

37
Q

how does glucocorticoids contribute to ulcer formation

A

they also promote acid production when released during stress

38
Q

what is diverticulum?

A

they are outpouchings that foim in the intestinal wall at areas of weakened musculature

39
Q

what is a complication from diverticulum

A

diverticulitis due to fecal matter getting stuck in the diverticulum

40
Q

what are signs of diverticulum/diverticulitis?

A

constipation, mild bright red bleeding, and lower left quadrent pain

41
Q

why does pain occur in the lower left quadrent for patients with diveticulum

A

because this is where the sigmoid colon is located and that is the area where most diverticula form

42
Q

what is ileus?

A

the bowel looses its perstalsis/propulsive abillities and the contents in the intestines become stagnent

43
Q

what can cause ileus?

A
  • nerve damage
  • hypokalemia
  • peritonitis
  • trauma
  • narcotics
  • uterus distension during pregnancy
44
Q

obstuction in the small intestine vs the large intestine produces different symptoms. what are they?

A

small intestines : vommiting, diarrhea, and electrolyte imbalances

large intestines: constipation and gas

45
Q

what is intussusception?

A

the intestines slide into itself like a telescope due to peristalsis and viral infections causing an obstuction

46
Q

what is the triad for intussusception?

A

1) colicky abdo pain
2) vomiting
3) red jelly bloody stool

47
Q

what is dances sign?

A

a palpable mass in RUQ and emptyness in RLQ

48
Q

what is celiac disease?

A

an autoimmune disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten which causes a malabsorption of nutrients like B vitamins, iron, and carbs

49
Q

what are symptoms of celiac disease?

A

diarhea, dehydration, weight loss, annorexia, and a migrain headache as an early symptom

50
Q

what are galstones made of

A

cholestrol, calcium, and billirubin

51
Q

dyspepsia is a symptom galstones, what does this mean?

A

upper abdominal paine usually occuring after eating

52
Q

what signs would you see if there are complications with gallbladder disorders?

A

cullens sign or grey turners sign

53
Q

risk factors for gallbladder disorders and pancreatitis are identified with the 6 F’s. what are they?

A

fat, fair, 40, fertile, female, flatulent

54
Q

what are complications with liver dysfunction?

A
  • muscle wasting due to impaired metabolism and excessive bleeding due to livers rol for producing clotting factors
55
Q

liver dysfunction leads to decreased albumin production. what will this cause?

A

because albumin is important with regards to fluid pressures and cappilary permiabilaty, a decreased production of albumin will contribute to fluid imbalances and lead to edema

56
Q

what is portal hypertension?

A

increased resistence of blood flow through the liver due to scar tissue, fibrosis, or degeneration

57
Q

portal HTN leads to blood to back up in the GI tract. this can lead to what complications?

A
  • prominent veins in the abdomen
  • rectal hemmroids
  • esophogeal varicies
58
Q

what are esophageal varices

A

dialated veins in the esophagus with the potential to rupture

59
Q

what can cause portal HTN

A
  • cirosis
  • hepatitis
  • alpha 1 antitrypsine defisency
60
Q
A

Patho 2 (30 decks)

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