GI patho Flashcards
if the appendix rupptures it can leak into the abdominal cavity causing what complications?
- peritonitis
- sepsis
- perforation
apendicitis effects healthy individuals ranging from….
10-19 yoa
what is the key cause for appencitis?
the obstruction of the appencieal lumen
obstruction of the appendical lumen leads to…
bacterial invasion of the appendix wall which causes the distension and inflammation
why does the inflammation of the appendix lead to ischemia and necrosis?
because the lymphatic/venous drainage is blocked
what are the initial symptoms of appendicitis?
nausea, vommiting, and periumbilical pain
where would the pain migrate to as a symptom as appendicitis?
to the RLQ
appendicitis can present with blumberg sign. what is blumberg sign?
this is rebound tenderness, when pressure is applies the pain releves
why does the pain with a pt suffering from apendicitis radiate to the RLQ?
because of the distention of the appendix which irritates the serosa
what is mcburneys point?
it is the site of pain in a pt suffering from appendicitis
where is mcburneys point
halfway between the umbilicus and anterior iliac spine
why does a low fiber diet contribute to contracting appendicitis?
fibers bulk up stool so low fiber would allow small particles to get stuck in the appendix/diverticula
why does high sugar contribute to contracting apendicitis?
high sugar distrupts gut microbiota and promotes growth of bad bacteria
what is cullens sign and what does it indicate?
this is bruising around the umbilicus and it indicates intra-abdominal hemmorhage
what is grey turner sign and what does it indicate?
this is bruising on the flanks (side of abdomen) and it indiaces retroperitoneum hemmorhage
what is an ectopic pregnancy
a fertilized zygote implants somwhere other than the uterus and presents with sharp abdo pain
what is a hernia?
a hernia is when internal tissues push through weak spots in the adbdominal wall
inguinal hernia vs. epigastric hernia
inguinal occurs in the lower abdominal area and epigastric occurs in the upper abdominal are
osmotic diarrhea
caused by presence of non absorbable solutes in the intestines which draws water into the colon. these solutes can not be absorbed by the body atracting sodium and water into the GI tract
secretory diarhea
the body secretes electrolytes and water in the colon to flush out harmful substances like bacteria
exudative diarhea
the body responds to inflamation by producing exudate which draws water into the colon
motility related diarhea
the intestines move to quiqly reducing water absorption time, seen in IBS
what is GERD
gastro-esophogeal reflux disease : occurs when stomach acid flows back into the esophagus due to a weakened/loosenedlower esophageal sphincter
what are complications of GERD
esophogitis or barretts syndrome where the cells lining the esophagus changes increasing the risk for cancer
what are symptoms of GERD
- heart burn
- dysphagia
- weight loss due to pain from eating
what are signs of GERD for a baby?
- arching back
- spit up/ crying
- nursing frequently
what is billary atresia?
the absence or obstruction of the bile duct within or outside the liver
what are symptomes of billary atresia
jaundice, clay coloured/pale poop, dark urine, hepatomegaly, obdominal distension
what is pyloric stenosis (what do you think the symptoms would be for this individual)
its a restricted movement of food into the small intestines
what is acute gastritis?
inflamation of the stomach lining
what could cause acute gastritis
- alcohol, nsaid, and tabacoos use. aswell as bacterial infections such as h-pylori
what are symptoms of gastritis?
- annorexia, nausea, postmeal discomfort, vommiting, diarrhea, and hematemisis
what is gastroenteritis?
inflamation of the stomach and intestines
what is gut flora imbalance
when a person travels to another country with different food and water bacteria, it could cause stomach issues
how are ulcers formed?
this happens due to an increase in hydrocloric acid and the enzyme pepsin. they are usefull when breaking down protein but too much can break down stomach tissue
how does H-pylori contribute to ulcer formation?
they increase acid production and decrease bi carb production
how does glucocorticoids contribute to ulcer formation
they also promote acid production when released during stress
what is diverticulum?
they are outpouchings that foim in the intestinal wall at areas of weakened musculature
what is a complication from diverticulum
diverticulitis due to fecal matter getting stuck in the diverticulum
what are signs of diverticulum/diverticulitis?
constipation, mild bright red bleeding, and lower left quadrent pain
why does pain occur in the lower left quadrent for patients with diveticulum
because this is where the sigmoid colon is located and that is the area where most diverticula form
what is ileus?
the bowel looses its perstalsis/propulsive abillities and the contents in the intestines become stagnent
what can cause ileus?
- nerve damage
- hypokalemia
- peritonitis
- trauma
- narcotics
- uterus distension during pregnancy
obstuction in the small intestine vs the large intestine produces different symptoms. what are they?
small intestines : vommiting, diarrhea, and electrolyte imbalances
large intestines: constipation and gas
what is intussusception?
the intestines slide into itself like a telescope due to peristalsis and viral infections causing an obstuction
what is the triad for intussusception?
1) colicky abdo pain
2) vomiting
3) red jelly bloody stool
what is dances sign?
a palpable mass in RUQ and emptyness in RLQ
what is celiac disease?
an autoimmune disorder triggered by ingestion of gluten which causes a malabsorption of nutrients like B vitamins, iron, and carbs
what are symptoms of celiac disease?
diarhea, dehydration, weight loss, annorexia, and a migrain headache as an early symptom
what are galstones made of
cholestrol, calcium, and billirubin
dyspepsia is a symptom galstones, what does this mean?
upper abdominal paine usually occuring after eating
what signs would you see if there are complications with gallbladder disorders?
cullens sign or grey turners sign
risk factors for gallbladder disorders and pancreatitis are identified with the 6 F’s. what are they?
fat, fair, 40, fertile, female, flatulent
what are complications with liver dysfunction?
- muscle wasting due to impaired metabolism and excessive bleeding due to livers rol for producing clotting factors
liver dysfunction leads to decreased albumin production. what will this cause?
because albumin is important with regards to fluid pressures and cappilary permiabilaty, a decreased production of albumin will contribute to fluid imbalances and lead to edema
what is portal hypertension?
increased resistence of blood flow through the liver due to scar tissue, fibrosis, or degeneration
portal HTN leads to blood to back up in the GI tract. this can lead to what complications?
- prominent veins in the abdomen
- rectal hemmroids
- esophogeal varicies
what are esophageal varices
dialated veins in the esophagus with the potential to rupture
what can cause portal HTN
- cirosis
- hepatitis
- alpha 1 antitrypsine defisency
