STRESS AND COPING

Question 1

What is a stress response?

Answer 1

• consists of physiological, cognitive, affective, and behavioural reactions.

Question 2

What is stress?

Answer 2

• experience that occurs when a situation is perceived as exceeding a person’s resources.

Question 3

What is a stressor?

Answer 3

• events, forces, or situations interpreted as stressful.

Question 4

What is cognitive appraisal?

Answer 4

• situational interpretation
• primary appraisal: Evaluation of what is at stake.
• secondary appraisal: Evaluation of what can be done.

Question 5

What are the three general stress types?

Answer 5

• harm/loss
• threat
• challenge

Question 6

Stress types: harm/loss

Answer 6

• appraisal of psychological damage and irrevocable loss as occurred

Question 7

Stress types: threat

Answer 7

• anticipating harm that may or is likely to occur.

Question 8

Stress types: challenge

Answer 8

• benefits of succeeding in difficulty.

Question 9

What are the four general types of stressors?

Answer 9

• acute
• chronic
• expected
• unexpected

Question 10

What is chronic stress?

Answer 10

• occurs over long time periods.

Question 11

What is acute stress?

Answer 11

• occurs over short time periods

Question 12

What is an expected stressor?

Answer 12

• can plan or prepare for

Question 13

What is an unexpected stressor?

Answer 13

• not anticipated

Question 14

What is a competitive stressor?

Answer 14

• experiences prior to, during, or after competition

Question 15

What is a non-competitive stressor?

Answer 15

• sport-related but not directly part of competition

Question 16

What are organizational stressors?

Answer 16

• environmental demands associated primarily and directly with the organization within which an individual is operating

Question 17

What are some neurophysiological effects of stress?

Answer 17

• respiration rate, heart rate, cardiovascular activity, body temperature and skin conductance
• stress hormones like cortisol and epinephrine are released in the body

Question 18

What is coping?

Answer 18

• cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific external/internal demands that tax or exceed a person’s resources

Question 19

What are management skills?

Answer 19

• routine behaviours that prevent stress from happening.

Question 20

What are micro-analytic coping strategies?

Answer 20

• specific coping strategies
• Provides rich description of coping techniques.
• coping techniques differ across sports & situations.
• provides no information on why strategy is used.

Question 21

What are macro-level coping strategies?

Answer 21

• considers strategy’s goals of athletes & exercisers.

Question 22

What is “choking”?

Answer 22

• an acute, significant decrement in performance that occurs in situations of high pressure or anxiety

Question 23

What is problem focused coping?

Answer 23

• efforts to change situation

Question 24

What is emotional-focused coping?

Answer 24

• changing how situation is attended to or interpreted.

Question 25

What is avoidance coping?

Answer 25

• removing oneself from stressful situations.

Question 26

What are the three coping dimensions of the integrative approach?

Answer 26

• task-oriented coping
• disengagement-oriented coping
• distraction oriented coping

Question 27

What is task-oriented coping?

Answer 27

• deals directly with stress source and resulting thoughts and emotions.

Question 28

What is disengagement-oriented coping?

Answer 28

• strategies to disengage from the process.

Question 29

What is distraction oriented coping?

Answer 29

• strategies to focus on internal and external stimuli that are unrelated

Question 30

What is emotional regulation?

Answer 30

• process by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions

Question 31

What are the five emotional regulation strategies?

Answer 31

1. Situation Selection
2. Situation Modification
3. Attentional Deployment
4. Cognitive Change
5. Response Modulation

Question 32

What is good new coping?

Answer 32

• organized, flexible and constructive

Question 33

What is bad news coping?

Answer 33

• rigid, disorganized, and destructive responses.

Question 34

What does it mean to “burnout”?

Answer 34

• physical exhaustion, devaluation of one’s sport, reduced sense of accomplishment, poor performance

Question 35

What are some factors that influence coping?

Answer 35

• gender
• culture
• individual factors
• social-environmental factors

Question 36

What is the role constraint theory?

Answer 36

• differences result from varying societal roles of men and women.

Question 37

What is the gender socialization theory?

Answer 37

• different coping strategies for managing same types of situations.

Question 38

What is the dispositional hypothesis?

Answer 38

• gender present even when males and females have same stressor and similar cognitive appraisals.

Question 39

How can culture influence coping?

Answer 39

• using prayer or meditation

Question 40

What are some individual factors that can influence coping?

Answer 40

• age, development, expertise
• personality
• cognitive appraisals of emotion

Question 41

What are some social environmental factors that can influence coping?

Answer 41

• interactions influence emotions, regulation and coping.

- coaches emotions can also directly affect athletes’ emotion before and during competition.

Question 42

What is stress reduction?

Answer 42

• stress management interventions can effectively reduce participant’s stress.

Question 43

What is self-compassion?

Answer 43

• desire to be moved by one’s own suffering, and a desire to alleviate that suffering
• comprised of self-kindness, common humanity & mindfulness.

Question 44

What are some concerns when implementing intervention programs?

Answer 44

• some pursue goals in very rigid and inflexible ways