STRESS AND COPING Flashcards
What is a stress response?
- consists of physiological, cognitive, affective, and behavioural reactions.
What is stress?
- experience that occurs when a situation is perceived as exceeding a person’s resources.
What is a stressor?
- events, forces, or situations interpreted as stressful.
What is cognitive appraisal?
- situational interpretation
- primary appraisal: Evaluation of what is at stake.
- secondary appraisal: Evaluation of what can be done.
What are the three general stress types?
- harm/loss
- threat
- challenge
Stress types: harm/loss
- appraisal of psychological damage and irrevocable loss as occurred
Stress types: threat
- anticipating harm that may or is likely to occur.
Stress types: challenge
- benefits of succeeding in difficulty.
What are the four general types of stressors?
- acute
- chronic
- expected
- unexpected
What is chronic stress?
- occurs over long time periods.
What is acute stress?
- occurs over short time periods
What is an expected stressor?
- can plan or prepare for
What is an unexpected stressor?
- not anticipated
What is a competitive stressor?
- experiences prior to, during, or after competition
What is a non-competitive stressor?
- sport-related but not directly part of competition
What are organizational stressors?
- environmental demands associated primarily and directly with the organization within which an individual is operating
What are some neurophysiological effects of stress?
- respiration rate, heart rate, cardiovascular activity, body temperature and skin conductance
- stress hormones like cortisol and epinephrine are released in the body
What is coping?
- cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific external/internal demands that tax or exceed a person’s resources
What are management skills?
- routine behaviours that prevent stress from happening.
What are micro-analytic coping strategies?
- specific coping strategies
- Provides rich description of coping techniques.
- coping techniques differ across sports & situations.
- provides no information on why strategy is used.
What are macro-level coping strategies?
- considers strategy’s goals of athletes & exercisers.
What is “choking”?
- an acute, significant decrement in performance that occurs in situations of high pressure or anxiety
What is problem focused coping?
- efforts to change situation
What is emotional-focused coping?
- changing how situation is attended to or interpreted.
What is avoidance coping?
- removing oneself from stressful situations.
What are the three coping dimensions of the integrative approach?
- task-oriented coping
- disengagement-oriented coping
- distraction oriented coping
What is task-oriented coping?
- deals directly with stress source and resulting thoughts and emotions.
What is disengagement-oriented coping?
- strategies to disengage from the process.
What is distraction oriented coping?
- strategies to focus on internal and external stimuli that are unrelated
What is emotional regulation?
- process by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express these emotions
What are the five emotional regulation strategies?
- Situation Selection
- Situation Modification
- Attentional Deployment
- Cognitive Change
- Response Modulation
What is good new coping?
- organized, flexible and constructive
What is bad news coping?
- rigid, disorganized, and destructive responses.
What does it mean to “burnout”?
- physical exhaustion, devaluation of one’s sport, reduced sense of accomplishment, poor performance
What are some factors that influence coping?
- gender
- culture
- individual factors
- social-environmental factors
What is the role constraint theory?
- differences result from varying societal roles of men and women.
What is the gender socialization theory?
- different coping strategies for managing same types of situations.
What is the dispositional hypothesis?
- gender present even when males and females have same stressor and similar cognitive appraisals.
How can culture influence coping?
- using prayer or meditation
What are some individual factors that can influence coping?
- age, development, expertise
- personality
- cognitive appraisals of emotion
What are some social environmental factors that can influence coping?
- interactions influence emotions, regulation and coping.
- coaches emotions can also directly affect athletes’ emotion before and during competition.
What is stress reduction?
- stress management interventions can effectively reduce participant’s stress.
What is self-compassion?
- desire to be moved by one’s own suffering, and a desire to alleviate that suffering
- comprised of self-kindness, common humanity & mindfulness.
What are some concerns when implementing intervention programs?
- some pursue goals in very rigid and inflexible ways
